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Alfred Thayer Mahan
*Theodore Roosevelt was one of Mahan's followers
*he wrote he " Influence of Sea Power upon History"
*He argued that to achieve world power a country was to have a strong Navy
*Naval bases to provide fueling stations -
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Henry Cabot Lodge
*Henry was Republican U.S Senator from(1893-1924)
*Henry Lodge had support of a strong Navy which resulted in a relationship w/ Theodore Roosevelt, later differed in domestic matters
*Lodge was an advocate for American action against Spain in 1898
*Theodore Roosevelt & Henry Lodge wanted to introduce the U.S to imperialism like the European countries -
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Presidency of Stanford B. Dole
*The U.S Navy used Hawaii as a gas station
*He helped overthrow the queen of Hawaii and shortly afterwards he had gotten elected president of Hawaii which led to the annexation of Hawaii to the US
*He was born in Hawaii, and his family developed the pineapple company -
USS Maine
*In 1898, USS Maine was sent to Havana, to protect U.S interests during a Cuban revolt against spain
*Although the explosion remains unknown, The Hearst&Pulitzer News papers blamed Spain for sabotage. - Yellow Journalism
*The sinking of Maine set off a fire storm making the people protest in the U.S -
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The Spanish War
CAUSE
*U.S wanted to become a Empire, U.S intervention for the Cuban patriots against Spain from 1870's to 1889
LOCATION OF WAR
*Manila Bay in the Philippines on May 1, 1898, Cevera led the Spanish to Santiago July 3 + tried to escape westbound along the coast
EFFECTS OF TREATY
*Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish War, made U.S a world power
*U.S Military After War- made its navy stronger, because they thought a strong navy was essential to defend trade and grow international interest -
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Theodore Roosevelt- Rough Riders
*Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt raised a volunteer force known as the "Rough Riders" acting with other army regiments. They defeated Spanish forces at San Juan Hill in Cuba -
San Juan Hill
*Was a decisive battle of Spanish-American war
*The San Juan heights was a North-South running elevation about 2 kilometers east of Santiago de Cuba
*Rough riders were ordered to engage 760 Spanish soldiers defending the San Juan heights. The battle that made T.R famous was actually fought on Kettle Hill -
Open Door Policy
John Hays sent all the imperial countries a letter called the open door note, which urged them to announce that in their spheres of influence
*They would respect Chinese right&the idea of fair competition
*The purpose was to give all nations equal rights when trading w/ China, so other Euro nations wouldn't use the boxer rebellion to take over China
*Was aimed to enhance global trade&promote China's welfare&Sovereignty -
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Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
*Was William Mckinley's vice president 1901 in September Roosevelt became President when William was assassinated
* "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Do not use verbal threats, but do make other aware that you are prepared to use physical force(US Navy)
*Crater Lake National Park
Wind Cave National Park
Sully's Hill
Platt National Park
Mesa Verde National Park -
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Building of the Panama Canal
PURPOSE
*American leaders & businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply b/w Atlantic&Pacific Ocean
*Columbia owned Panama @ the time Teddy R. made a deal w/ Panamanian rebels who wanted independence. Since Columbia didn't want to negotiate,Warships were sent to protect Panama's rebels giving them their own country& gov.
*Roosevelt wanted the canal almost @once. The contrustion ranged from thousands of lives, 10 years, and $4 million. -
Roosevelt Corollary
*The policy changed the Monroe Doctrine
*Was for no European nation to trade with Latin America "Chronic Wrongdoing" a phrase that included the large debts or civil unrest which led to U.S Military action
*It was considered "Yankee Imperialism" by Latin Americans because instead of helping them, they invaded Latin America about 35 times/ Creating an undisputed sphere of influence throughout the hemisphere "Speak softly and carry a big stick", the stick was the U.S Navy -
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Dollar Dipliomacy
PURPOSE
*Promote American foreign policy goals
*Make America more money
*Took place in Caribbean region
*U.S bankers loaned money to Latin American countries. If they couldn't repay loans U.S Marines were sent in to assure repayment by force -
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World War 1
*Leading bymid: August to the outbreak of WW1 which pitted Germany, Austria, Hungary, & the Ottoman Empire against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, & Japan
-Militarism
-Alliances
-Imperialism
-Nationalism: was occurring in Europe while led to the beginning of WW1
*By the time WW1 ended in the defeat of central powers in November 1918 more than 9 million soldiers had been killed
*But, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferinand was the spark that started WW1 -
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"Weapons of Total War" Part B
*Airplane- 1st used as a reconnaissance plane for the front lines, later equipped with weapons to create a flying weapon -
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Weapons of Total War
*Canned food- created to feed soldiers during war, possible thanks to the creation of tinned cans. The food didn't spoil for the man in the trenches.
*Poison gas- during the warfare, poison gases based on mustard were used in WW1 but later prohibited by the Geneve protocol of 1925, later also by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993
*Tanks- Designed for front line combat, was also used as shield from heavy machinery, had heavy power -
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World War 1
*Central powers: Austria, Hungary, German Empire, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bosnia, Italy & U.S
*Triple entente: France Russia, Great Britain & Japan
*Assassination of Archduke of Franz Fernidad and his was gunned down which led to WW1 -
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"Weapons of Total War" Part B
*Submarine: to go underwater
-Create mines(underwater bombs)
-enemy ships
*Mines: to destroy surface ships&submarines
-to destroy their enemies
-hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a Harbor
*Machine Guns: not carry guns around this made it easier
-took up too many men to work to make war killing easier
*Trench Warfare: protect soldiers from enemies
-Caused both sides to use same methods which protected them from machine guns
*Not matched by similar advances in mobility -
Sinking of Lustitania
*The sinking of the Conard Ocean liner RMS Lustitania occurred on 05/07/1915 during the 1st World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland the British Royal Navy blockaded Germany. -
Sussex Pledge
*Promise made in 1916 during WW1 by Germany to the U.S
*The Sussex a french cross- channel passenger ferry was torpedoed w/o warning on March 24, 1916- about 50 lives were taken -
Zimmerman Telegram
*The Zimmerman Telegram was an internal diplomatic communication issued 4rm the German foreign office in Jan.1917 that proposed a military alliance w/ Germany&Mexico in the event of the United States entering WW1 vs. Germany -
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
*Was first introduced in WW1 when Germany declared the area around the British isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries would be attacked by the German navy which led to the U.S into war
*Submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers w/o warning -
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American Expeditionary Force
*The AEF consisted of the U.S Armed forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight WW1
*14,000 U.S soldiers had armed in France and the AEF had only had a minor
*Nickname "dough boys" possibly because of the white belt they wore which they clean the pipe clay or "dough"
*Pershing believed in a combat and felt that 3yrs of trench warfare made allies too defensive. American forced to stop German advance -
Alvin York
*Was a 29yr old who was a typical draftee- underprivileged, under educated
*In the Battle of the Argonne Forest w/ nothing but his pistol &rifle, he reportedly killed 25 Germans & captured 132 prisoners
*He received the medal of honor for his heroic actions -
Espionage B Sedition Act
*Interfering w/ war effect of for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about gov. or war effort
*A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced 20 years in jail
*A man by the name of Charles Schenck distributed 1,000 flyers to recently drafted men saying "involuntary servitude" was taken to trail -
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Battle of Aragonne Forest
*BEF and French army would attack the German lines at flanders
*Was one of the series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Dats Offensive
*The battle was known for the Lost Battalion, The combine attack was a success and was to create the beginning of the war -
Fourteen Point Plan
*The Fourteen Point Plan were distributed world wide by the government writing for George Creel in the American committee on public information
*Millions of copies of booklets and pamphlets that explained Wilson's plans were distributed to allied nation and dropped from planes above Germany
*Allies agreed to accept the 14 points as the basis for the country peace negotiations of Wilson would agree to two reservations -
Supreme Court
Issue: The first Amendment violated when congress makes law that punishes opinions against the war
*Congress passed a law called the Esponage Act which said that during wartime obstructing the draft was crime
*The court ruled that there is limits to free speech. The first Amendment did not protect words that create a "clear and present danger" -
Treaty of Versailles
*The treaty's terms was Germany to take the blame, Germany had to give up land to France, and 4 other countries. Germany had to pay for all the reparations, and the German Army was limited to 100,000 men
*The League of Nations was created
*The U.S saw this treaty as an unfair punishment, so Woodrow Wilson proposed 14 points
*The U.S was offered to join the League but turned it down because of foreign affairs, so the U.S went into isolation until the Stock Market Crash -
Schenck vs. U.S
*Charles Schenck was convinced for distributing literature that encouraged men to resist the draft in WW1
*Schenck claims 1st amendment was violated
*Court ruled there were limits to Freedom of Speech like ""Clear and present danger" & shouting "Five" in a crowded movie theater which is not protected by the 1st amendment -
League of Nations
*Intergovernmental organization as a result of the Paris Peace Conference
*Purpose was to maintain world peace
*Weakness- lacked there own armed forces they depended on the great powers, but they were reluctant to help
*The league severely weakened when several major powers, such as the U.S, Russia. failed to join it
*League proved incapable of preventing aggression by axis powers & countries started withdrawing from the league -
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Expanding World Power
In this time period, America changes their view from internal expansion and domestic issues to becoming a global force, both economically and militarily