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Dorothea Lange
-Migrant mother is one of a sets of photograph
-Her subject are homeless women,their children & migrant workers
-Her work was funded by federal agencies,such as the farm security administration
-The editor then told the federal authorities whom urged the government to rush to the camp to prevent starvation. -
Immigrants During The Depression
-The Stock Market Crashed in 1929,it caused high unemployment,Americans panicked,they began to blame Mexican & Europeans immigrants for their problem
-The US deported about 1.5 million Mexicans & Europeans between 1929-1935
-President Hoover authorized a special Mexican Repatriation Act to send Mexican-American immigrants back to Mexico -
Stock Market Crash
-It was a result of various economic imbalances & structural failings
-In 1920's, a rapid growth in bank credit & loans in the U.S.
-People who borrowed money were exposed & rush to sell shares & try to redeem their debts
-Margin millionaires get wiped out when stock market fall
-Stock market crash can be blamed on over exuberance & false expectation
-Also known as "Black Tuesday" -
Stock Market Crash-A
-Buying on the margin: meant people had to pay 10-20% of the value of the shares,you were borrowing 80-90% of the value of the shares
-An example of buying on margin to get a loan from bank to pay off another loan -
Stock Market Crash-B
-Warren G Harding campaign promised to return the US prewar mentally without the thought of war tainting the minds of American people
-A return to the way of life before WW1
-Foreign competition by means of tarries weaken import quotas or other restrictions or handicaps placed on the imports of foreign competitors -
Stock Market Crash-C
-Disposable income is the amount of money that households have available for spending
-People were spending instead of saving,when the market crashed all the people did a "bank run" to get more money
-The "bank run" caused the "bank failure" b/c the banks couldn't keep up with the peoples demands for money. -
Period: to
Great Depression
-When panicked sellers traded nearly 60 mil shares on the New York Stock exchange
-Corporation could no longer raise funds
-In 1940 15% was the lowest employment rate
-People had fought for their daily survival.Banks failed & many people were out of work
-The money supply growth caused by huge international gold influence was a crucial source of recovery in the US economy
-People were hungry & went homeless -
Robert Taft (New Deal Socialism)
-Co-operating with conservative Democrat and led the conservative that opposed the New Deal
-The Republicans gains in the 1938 elections combined with the creation of the conservative had stopped the expansion of New Deal
-Calling for economy in government,a balanced budget ,&less centralization of power in the Nation's Capital -
Dust Bowl
-Human Causes
-Farmers had been plowing the grass lands for crops in the central plains & trapping under ground water supplies
-Natural Causes were 10 year drought was occurring
-Farmers had to move to California b/c their harvest has being destroyed
-The wind carried the top soil away this is why it was called the Dust Bowl -
William Randolph Hearst
-Hearst reputation suffered in the 1930's as his political views changed in 1932,he was a major supporter of the FDR ,his newspaper throughout 1933
-Hearst Broke with FDR in the spring of 1935 when president vetoed the pat man bonus bill -
20th Amendment
-Sets the dates at which Federal gov. elected offices end,also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies
-Cause:elected officials who had been replaced were offices longer than was necessary called "lame duck"
-More the new president from taking in offices in February back to January to lesson lame duck period-Effect -
Agricultural Adjustment Act(AAA)
-It's purpose was to help farmers by reducing productions of staple crops,taxes forced farmers to cut amounts they marketed
-The gov. even paid per farmers to grow crops so prices would not go up & help the land -
Tennessee Valley Authority
-It was created by Congressional in May 1933 to provide flood control,electricity generator & economic development during the Depression
-This was president Roosevelt's New Deal for reform
-Largest public power company in the US was the 5th largest river system.provides electricity for Tennessee but also parts of Kentucky,Alabama,Georgia,North Carolina & Virginia
-Some feared the "TVA" was a form of socailism -
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC)
-Purpose was to provide stability to the economy & the failing bank system
-Insured bank deposit so that people won't lose their savings in bank failure
-This was Roosevelt's Reform of the "New Deal" -
Securities & Exchange Commission
-The purpose of the SEC is protecting investor from dangerous or illegal financial practices of fraud
-The issue it addressed,was the fact that no one was watching the stock markets
-The effects of its passage was prevent another stock market collapse; In doing so,it evolved our markets into high-tech trading centers -
21st Amendment
-Many people had simply refused to accept the alcohol
-Even president Harding died alcohol in the white house
-Prohibition was replaced by 21st amendment
-The experience of prohibition demonstrate that unpopular laws was sometimes not enforced -
Period: to
Franklin D. Roosevelt
-He defeated Herbert in the 1932 Presidential election
-Major issues were the cultural issues which had before dominated previous elections.The Depression was of major concern during this election
-He took offices during The Great Depression (1929-1939)
-"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself".His meaning for this quote was that the fear they had was making things worse -
Period: to
New Deal
-The plan of 'relief,recovery & reform was relief for the unemployment & poor,recovery of the economy to normal levels,& reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression
-The "New Deal" was a series of social liberal programs enacted in the US
-The "New Deal" produced a political realignment,making the democratic party the majority
-Roosevelt explained his policies in simple conversational terms known as "Fireside Chat" , -
Gold River Act
-U.S. had a bi-metallic system of money
-Silver was also traded
-Gold standard came to an end in 1933 when Roosevelt issued an Executive order outlawing the ownership of gold besides jewelry
-Roosevelt wanted people to reply on "Flat Money"[Paper Money] -
Huey Long
-US senator & former governor of Louisiana Heuy Long promised to give each American family an income of $5,000 a year, to to be paid for by taxing the Rich Long, was assassinated before he was able to mount his campaign against FDR -
Social Security Act
-In 1935 Social Security Act was created for old age unemployed people who can't help there-self's the SSA was part of the 3R's of the New Deal that "FDR" put in place b/c of the Great Depression
-Relief,Recovery,Reform -
Judicial Procedures Reform Bill
-The Reform Bill was frequently called the "Court Packing Plan" was a Legislative initiative proposed by US President Franklin D Roosevelt to + more justice to the US Supreme Courts
-The Bill was to increase the number of US Supreme Court justice then to bring in several new justice who would change the balance of opinion on the court
-Roosevelt failed many times at attempting to pass the law its failure exposed the limits of Roosevelts abilities to push Legislation through direct public appeal -
Grapes Of Wrath
-The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steraback & published in 1939
-An Okie is a resident,native,or cultural(descendant of Oklahoma)
-The route 66 the main Hwy in the 1930's that connected the great plains to California
-Migrants went to California in hopes to find jobs & places to work but when they got there the jobs were taken -
Francis Townsend
-Dr Francis T. was an American physician who devised the Townsend Plan,a popular proposal for state-funded old-age pensions
-Planed to end The Great Depression by opening jobs for young people