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Alfred Thayer Mahan
- Theodore Roosevelt was one of maban's of sea power upon history
- argued to achieve world power a country headed a power navy waval bases to provide fueling situations
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Henry Cabot Lodge
- Henry was a Republican U.S Senator from (1893-1924)
- Henry Lodge had support of a strong Navy which resulted in a relationship w/ Theodore Roosevelt, later differed in domestic matters.
- Lodge was an advocate for American action against Spain in 1898
- Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Lodge wanted to introduce the U.S to imperialism like the Europe country's
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USS Maine
In 1898, USS Maine was sen to Havana, to protect U.S interests during a Cuban revolt against Spain.
Although the explosion remains unknown the Hearst and Pulitzer new:paper island the Spanish for sabotage - Yellow Journalism
The sinking of Maine set off a fire storm making the people prrotest in the U.S -
Expanding World Power
In this period, America changes their view from internal expansion and domestic issues to becoming a global force, both economically and militarily. -
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Spanish American War
Causes of the war
- Demands by Cuban patriots for independence from Spanish rule made U.S. intervention in Cuba a paramount issue in the relations between the U.S and Spain from the 1870's to 1898. -
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Spanish American War
Causes: America's Support and Filipinos against Spanish rule.
-The mysterious explosion of the USS Maine in Havana.
Locations of Military Action: Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Asia Pacific.
Effects of the Peace Treaty: The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from U.S to Spain and the U.S become a world power.
U.S Military Policy: The Navy was being created as a large defense -
Open Door Polcy
Join Hays sent all the imperial countries a letter called the open door note, which urged them to announce that in their spheres of influence
- They would respect Chinese rights and the idea of fair competition
- The purpose was to give all nations equal rights when trading w/ China, so other nations wouldn't use the boxer rebellion to take over China.
was aimed to enhance global trade and promote China's welfare and Sovereignty -
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Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
Events that led him to become president- was William McKinley's vice president 1901 in September Roosevelt became president when William was assassinated
Catch Phrase- "speak softly and carry a big stick"
do not use verbal threats, but do make others aware that you are prepared to use physical force- (u.s Navy)
Domestic Policy- Crater Lake Nation park Sully's Hill Platt National Park Mesa Verde National Park` -
Panama Canal
- The panama Canal took 10 years to build
- The price of the build was $403
- The US helped free panama from Colombia to get access for the build
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Roosevelt Corollary
- Was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine
- Said the US had the right to exercise military force in Latin American countries to keep Europeans out
- lead the US conflict with the Caribbean and Central America
- was an important part of American imperialism
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Dollar Diplomacy
Purpose: Promote American foreign goals
Intended Adv: make America more money
- took place in Caribbean Region
- US bankers loaned money to Latin America countries if they couldn't repay loans U.S Marines were sent in to assure repayment by force. -
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World War 1
- Leading by mid-August to the outbreak of WWI which pitted Germany Austria-Hungary and the ottoman empire against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and Japan. -Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism- was occurring in Europe while led to the beginnings of WWI .
- By the time WWI ended in the defeat of central powers in November 1918 more than 9 million soldiers had killed
- But the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the spark that started WWI.
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Weapons Of Total War
A- submarine: to go under water
(E) create mines (under water bombs)
(C) enemy ships
B- Mines: to destroy surface ships and submarines
(E) to destroy their enemies
C- Machine guns not carry guns around this made it easier.
(E) took up to many men to work (C) to make war killing easier
D- Trench Welfare protect soldiers from enemies.
(C) caused both sides to use same methods which protected them from machine guns.
(E) Not matched by similar advances in mobility. -
Sussex Pledge
-The Sussex Pledge was a promise mad in 1916 during WW1 by Germany to the U.S. prior to the latter's entry into the war. Early in 1915 Germany Had instituted a policy of unrestricted ships, but not passenger ships to be torpedoed without warning. -
Espionage B. Sedition Acts
- Interfering w/ war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about gov. or war effort
- A person could be fined up to 10,000 and sentenced 20 years in jail. A man by the name name of Charles Schenck distributed 1,000 flyers to recently drafted men saying "involuntary Servitude". was taken to tried.
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Zimmerman Telegram
- The Zimmerman Telegram was an internal diplomatic communication issued 4rm the German and Mexico in the event of the United States entering World War 1 (WWI) vs Germany
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America Expeditionary Force
- The AEF consisted of the u.s Armed forces sent to Europe under the command of general John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight ww1
- 14,000 u.s soldiers had arrived in France and the AEF had only a minor participation
- nickname "doughboys" possibly because of the white belt they wore which they clean the pipe clay or "dough".
- Pershing believed in a combat and felt that 3 years of trench warfare made allies to defensive American force to stop German Advance
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Alvin York
- Was a 29 year old who was a typical draftee-under privilege- under educated.
- In the Battle of Argonne Forest w/ nothing but his pistol of rifle, he reportedly killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners
- He received the medal of honor for his heroic actions
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Fourteen Point Plan
-The fourteen point plan ideas were distributed would wide by the government writing for George Creel in the American Committee on public information. -
Battle of Argonne Forest
-The AEF assembled 600,000 soldiers + 40,000 pieces of artillery
- A total of 1.2 million Americans were involved 117,000 were killed or wounded.
-Fought through the hilly Terrain shattered the German line
-Final allied offensive of world war 1 that structured along the entire western front to help end the war. -
Supreme Court
-Issue: The first Amendment violated when congress makes a law that punishes opinions against the war.
- Congress passed a law called the Esponage Act which said that during wartime obstructing the draft was crime.
- The court ruled that there is limits to free speech. Free speech is not protected from falsely should "Fire" i a crowded theater and causing panic. The first amendment did not protect words that created a "clear and present danger' -
Schenck vs. U.S
- Charles Schenck was convicted for distributing literature that encouraged men to resist the draft in WWI
- Schenck claims 1st amendment was violated
- court ruled there were limits to freedom of speech like "clear and present danger" and shooting "fire" in a crowded movie theater which is not protected by the 1st amendment
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League Of Nations
- Intergovernmental organization as a result of the Paris Peace Conference
- Purpose was to maintain world peace
- weakness lacked there own armed forces they depended on the great powers, but they were reluctant to hep
- The league severely weakened when several major powers, such as the u.s and Russia, failed to join it
- league proved incapable of preventing aggression by axis powers and countries started withdrawing from the league
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Sinking of Lusitania
-Less than a year after WW1 a German U-boat the RMS, a British ocean liner route from New York to liver pool, England -
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Warfare Canned Food
-French directory decided that something needed to be done about the military's food supply
- Food last longer, it was relatively easy to mass produce and deliver