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Age of the steamboat
North River steam boats were built by charles Browne, completed in 1807
-It dominated trade throughout the U.S -
Morse Code
-Developed in 1844 by Samuel Morse revolutionized long distance communication.
-use of the telegraph was quickly accepted by people for a faster & easier way of sending & receiving information.
-It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire layered between stations. -
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"Tammy Hall & boss tweed"
-They targeted the poor /new immigrants, they offered them jobs & places to live in return for their vote
-They gained power by using dishonest politicians to help steal N.Y. bank accounts
-Tammy Hall's favorite party was the democratic -
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William M. Tweed
-They used dishonest politicians to gain control of N.Y. city
-Supported neighborhood of new immigrants by giving them help and jobs
-Immigrants in return with votes just how boss Tweed wanted
-Controlled Democratic party in N.Y. city -
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Cattle Drive Era
-Cattle drives started in Texas ended in the mid-west (Kansas or Nebraska) @ the RR lines
-More beef was needed in the east coast due to the growing population in big cities like Chicago & NY
-New technology end the cattle drive it was called the barbe wire -
Homestead Act
-The purpose of this act was to have more settlements in the west.
-The offered free land (160 acres) for staying there for five years
-People bought the land for 1.25 per acres
-The homestead act lead to the distribution of 80 million acres of public land by 1900
-It pushed indians to reservations in the west -
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Rise of labor Unions
-Fought for wages & safer working conditions
-It stopped child labor
-Gave health benefits & provide aid to workers who were injured or retired actions
-Unions rely on strike and boycott against co. sometimes the strike led to violence
-1st time African Americans were de-segregated & allowed to join unions -
First Transcontinental Railroad "Pacific railroad"
-The transcontinental RR untied the nations
-Farmers were able to ship goods and crops -
John D. rockefeller "captains of industry" (horizontal integration)
-The captains dominated the standard oil co.
-Standard began buying out its competitors
-Bought out thousands of acres of forest to block out the competitors from running their own pipelines
-The men in league w/ J.D.R. bought off the people & things to stay on top to make $
-these men were sometimes so ruthless they were given the name "robber barons"
-J.D.R. lowered prices of oil from the co. he took over, his was the cheapest & other companies couldn't compete so they went out of business -
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"Gilded Age and westward Expansion"
-The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the north and west. American wages, especially for skilled workers, were much higher than in Europe, which attracted millions of immigrants.
-Railroads were the major industry, but the factory systems, mining, and finance increased.
-Labor unions became important industrial areas
-"This time period is characterized by economic growth, widespread poverty, westward expansions, and political corruption -
Bessemer Steel Process
-The removal of impurities f/ iron.
-The Bessemer process revolutionized steel production decreasing cost
-The process made steel 10x stronger than iron
-RR went further, building grew high due to strength & low cost of steel -
Chinese Exclustionary act
-First law that restricted immigration into the u.s.
-The act provided an absolute 10-year ban on chinese labor immigration
-The act made chinese immigrants permanents aliens by excluding them from the U.S. citizenship
-Republican senator George Frisbe Hoar of Massachusetts described the act as "nothing less than the legalization of racial discrimination.
-Frozen the chinese community in place prevented it from growing and assimilating into the U.S society -
Haymarket square riot
-A violent confrontation between police & labor protests in chicago on may 4, 1886
-This has been associated with "may day" or international workers day
-Riot created wide spread hysteria against immigrants
-Riot had a lasting effect with the labor movement in the U.S
-The riot was caused by the protest of police brutality toward the people of labor unions -
Hull House
-1889 Jane addams & Ellen gates starr founded hull house
-Initiated programs to address poor working condition poor sanitation and a host of others pressing problems
-Located in a large house in chicago
-Turned their attention to national issues
-Help immigrant to assimilate into America
-Passed due to public protests
-Right to vote(women) -
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Ellis Island
-Some of the groups that arrived were southern Europeans
-Immigrants had to perform physical and mental hexanes to ensure their admittance
-Doctors would check the immigrants for health problems -
Andrew carnegie "captions of industry"
-founded his steel company in 1892
-In 1901 sold his company, merged it with other steel companies to make U.S steel
-became a philanthropist after selling, donating to public libraries education system & science, spent 1.1 mill. constructing carnegie hall
-wrote "Gospel of wealth" in 1889 about wealthy should spend their money to help the poor -
Homestead strike
-unfair treatment and demands for employees
-the strike was against andrew carnagie & frick
-pinkertion guards and the strikers fought and nine striker died & seven guards died
-the sheriff asked to governor to send help he sent 3,000 militia men
-the union was broken up the owners won -
Pull Man Strike
-Manufacture of rail roads cars
-Cut the already low wages of his workers abt. 25%, but did not introduce corresponding reduction interests and other chargers happened
-American railroads way union striking
-small group, 26,000 joined
-refused to hitch cars, refused to handle pullmans cars result
-Federal injunction
-Strikes & violent reaction ruined his reputation -
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Angel Island
-Is in San Francisco Bay, immigrants processed one million Asian immigrants
-Chinese & Japanese immigrants
-Requirements many Chinese immigrants were forced to prove they had a husband or father & were in good health
-Many chinese when they got there were sent to jail b/c his her country was weak and poor -
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Great Migration
Pull factors to North
-Job opportunities
-voting was right
push factors
-Violence of hate
-Work to survive/no jobs.
Migrated for the new jobs opportunities, blacks moved North to escape from oppressive conditions of the south like lynching, unfair legal system, inequality of education. -
Americanization day
-first Americanization day was known as "loyalty day", was first launched on july4, 1915
-was launched in response to nearly two decades of increasing immigrants
-americans had a sore spot because of the influx of immigrants from south europe
-business perceived wages & feared immigrants might help increase of acceptance of socialism
