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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
What were diseases caused by
Supernatural spirits -
3600 BCE
Treats for sick
Tribal doctors performed ceremonies to exrocise evil spirits -
3100 BCE
Quinine
Comes from the bark of cinchona tree. It controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, and helps prevent malaria -
3100 BCE
Belladonna and atropine
Made from the poisonous nightshade plant. They relieve muscle spasm, especially in gastrointestinal (GI) pain -
3100 BCE
Morphine
Made from opium poppy. It is an effective medication for treating severe pain. It is addictive and used only when nothing else will help -
3100 BCE
Digitalis
Comes from the foxglove plant. Today it is given in pill form, intravenously, or by injection to treat heart conditions -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399 BCE
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians who the physicians were
The priest acted as physicians -
2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians how they healed
They were superstitious and called upon gods to heal them -
2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians health records
The Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese development of acupuncture
Early medical pioneers learned to treat a variety of illnesses and disease with stone tools, and these methods eventually developed into the advanced practice of Chinese acupuncture, still in common use today -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks illness cause nature vs spiritual
They were the first to study the causes of disease and to determine that the illnesses may have natural, rather than spiritual causes -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks dissection
During ancient times, religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissected. Hippocrates bases his knowledge of anatomy and physiology on observation of the external body. -
100
Ancient Romans sanitation systems
The Romans learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system. They brought I’m clean water into their cities byway of aqueducts (waterway). They built sewers to carry off waste. They also built public baths with filtering systems. This was the beginning of public health and sanitation. -
100
Ancient Romans organize medical care
The Romans were the first to organize medical care. They sent medical equipment and physicians with their armies to care for wounded soldiers. -
100
Ancient Romans hospital development
Roman physicians kept a room in their houses for the ill. This was the beginning of hospitals. Public buildings for the care of the sick were established -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Why the study of medicine stopped
When the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns, the study of medical science stopped. For a period of 1000 years, medicine was practiced only in convents and monasteries. Because the church believed life and death were in God’s hands, the monks and priest has no interest in how the body functioned. -
700
How they treated disease
The primary treatment was prayer. Medication consisted of herbal mixtures, and care was custodial. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Terrible epidemic,it’s cause millions of deaths during this period. Bubonic plague(the Black Death) alone killed 60 million people. Other uncontrolled diseases include smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Learning Universities
The buildings of universities and medical schools for research -
1450
Dissection
The acceptance of dissection of the body for study -
1450
Books
The development of the printing and the publishing of books, allowing greater access of knowledge from research -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studies and recorded anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabrielle Fallopius
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (Eustachain tube) -
William Harvey
Used his knowledge to understand physiology and he describes the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope, established lishing that there is life smaller than the eye can see. He scraped his teeth and found bacteria that causes tooth decay -
Apothecaries
Apothecaries, early pharmacies, started in this time. In medieval England, these apothecaries engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the East -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Discoveries affect us in many way. His discoveries include bifocals, an h found that colds could be passed from person to person -
Medical students learning
Students not on,y attended lectures in the classroom and laboratory, but also observed patients at the bedside. When a patient died, they dissected the body and were able to observe the disease process -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered the element oxygen. He also observed that plants refreshed air that has lost its oxygen, making it usable for respiration -
Edward Jenner
Discover a method of vaccination for smallpox. Smallpox killed many people in epidemics. His discovery saved millions of lives. His discovery also led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health. -
Rene Laennec
The first stetho-scope was made of wood. It increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs, allowing doctors to determine if disease was present -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Florence Nightingale
She devoted her life to preparing reports on the need for better sanitation and construction and management of hospitals. Her primary goal was to gain effective training for nurses. -
Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified the cause of childbed fever(puerperal fever). Large numbers of women died from this fever after giving birth. Semmelweis noted that the patients midwives(women who delivered babies but were not physicians) had fewer deaths. -
Louis Pasteur
Discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere. Through his experiments and studies, he proved that microorganisms caused disease. He also discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria. Pasteurization kills bacteria in milk. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope. They are called viruses. -
Joseph Lister
Learned about Pasteur’s discovery that microorganisms cause infection. He used carbolic acid in wounds to kill germs that cause infection. He became the first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery which helped prevent infect in the incision. -
Ernst von Bergmann
He knew from Lister’s and Pasteur’s research that germs cause infections in wounds. He developed a method to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery. -
Robert Koch
Discovered many disease-causing organisms. He developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that cause tuberculosis. He also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in prevention the spread of disease. -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms. His treatment was effective against some microorganisms but was not effective in kill in other bacteria. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x-rays. He took the very first picture using x-rays of his wife’s hand. His discovery allowed doctors to see inside the body and helped them discover what was wrong with the patient. -
Anesthesia
Before the nineteenth century, pain was a serious problem. Surgery was performed on patients without anesthesia. Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve the pain of surgery. They even choked patients to cause unconsciousness to stop pain. Many patients died from shock and pain. Nitrous oxide(for dental care), ether, and chloroform were discovered. These drugs have the ability to put people into a deep sleep so that they do not experience pain during surgery -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. The discovery of penicillin is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century. Before penicillin was discovered, people died of illnesses that we consider caresble today, including pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.he studies effects of the unconscious mind on the body. He determined that the mind and body work together. This led to an understanding of psychosomatic illness(physical illness caused by emotion conflict). -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds. Those compounds were the first medications effective in killing bacteria. They changed the practice of medicine by killing deadly diseases. -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus paralyzed thousands of adults and children every year. It seemed to attack the most active and athletic people. -
Albert Sabin
Used a polio virus vaccine, which is most effective. This vaccine is used today to immunize babies against the dreaded disease. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its unknown double helix. There ,keel served to explain how DNA replicated and how hereditary information is coded on it. This set the stage for rapid advances in molecular biology that continues to this day. -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant -
Ben Carson
Continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemisperectomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures -
Period: to
21st Century
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Robotic surgery
Allows doctors to preform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control. -
Electronic medical records
Electronic medical records are a a big advancement because now you can go online and look at all of your medical history without having to go into a clinic or doctors office and if you switch physicians they can get access to your records easily -
Smart watches that track your heart rate
The first Fitbit came out in 2012 and the first Apple Watch came out in 2015. These devices are so useful because most everyone has a smart phone and you can track your heart rate, how many miles you walk, how many calories you ate and etc by just having a watch on your wrist. So I think these are a big advancement in medical history because even for people who don’t like going to the doctor you can still know if your heart rate is to high and things like that’s -
Telemedicine
Health care providers use electronic. communications to send important medical information to a patient or another health care provider. -
New Medication for Cystic Fibrosis
Trikafta is a combination of three drugs that target the defective CFTR protein. It helps the protein made by the CFTR gene mutation function more effectively