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992
GUIDO D'AREZZO
was an Italian Benedictine monk and musical theorist who constitutes one of the central figures of the music of the Middle Ages along with Hucbaldo. His fame as a pedagogue was legendary in the Middle Ages and today he is remembered for the development of a notation system that specifies the pitch of the sound using lines and spaces, as well as for the dissemination of a sight-singing method based on the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. -
1098
Hildegard of Bingen
also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbessand polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, -
1135
BERNANT DE VENTANDOR
He was a popular Provençal troubadour, composer and poet. He is probably the best-known trobador of the style called trobar leu. Bernart is unique among 12th-century secular composers in the amount of his music that has survived: of his 45 poems, 18 have their music intact, an unusual circumstance for a troubadour (the music of troubadours had a higher probability of surviving). -
1150
LÉONIN
He is, along with Perotín, the first known composer of polyphonic organum, related to the School of Notre Dame.
An anonymous English monk, known today by the name Anonymous IV, wrote a century after his death that Léonin was the best organum composer for the expansion of divine service. This is the only written reference we have of Léonin. -
1170
Ars Antiqua
also called ars veterum or ars vetus, is a term used by modern scholars to refer to the Medieval music of Europe during the High Middle Ages, -
1200
Perotin
was a composer associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high medieval music. He is credited with developing the polyphonic practices of his predecessor Léonin, with the introduction of three and four-part harmonies. -
Nov 23, 1221
Alfonso X
also known as the Wise, Spanish: el Sabio; was King of Castile, León and Galicia until his death in 1284. During the election of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Germanyon 1 April. He renounced his claim to Germany in 1275, and in creating an alliance with the Kingdom of England in 1254, his claim on the Duchy of Gasconyas well. -
1300
GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT
was a medieval French clergyman, poet and composer. His projection was enormous and he is historically the greatest representative of the movement known as Ars nova, being considered the most famous composer of the 14th century. He contributed to the development of the motet and secular song. He composed the Messe de Nostre Dame in four parts, which is the first known polyphonic mass written by a single composer. His way of composing, both in his religious and secular production. -
1322
ARS NOVA
Ars nova (from the Latin "new art") is an expression due to the theorist Philippe de Vitry that designates musical production, both French and Italian, after the last works of the ars antiqua until the predominance of the Burgundian school, which will occupy the first place in the musical panorama of the West in the 15th century. -
1325
Francesco Landini
also known by many names) was an Italian composer, poet, organist, singer and instrument makerwho was a central figure of the Trecento style in late Medieval music. -
1393
Johannes Gutenberg
Was a German inventor and craftsman who introduced letterpress printing to Europe with his movable-typeprinting press. Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg invented the printing press,] which later spread across the world.] His work led to an information revolution and the unprecedented mass-spread of literature throughout Europe -
Jul 12, 1468
JUAN DEL ENCINA
He was a poet, musician and playwright of the Spanish Renaissance during the time of the Catholic Monarchs. He is considered, along with Juan de Anchieta from Gipuzkoa, as one of the greatest exponents of religious and secular polyphony in Spain at the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century. He reached great lyrical heights in his glosses and Christmas carols, to which his invention is attributed. Is considered the initiator and patriarch of Spanish theater. -
Nov 10, 1483
MARTIN LUTERO
Was an Augustinian Catholic theologian, philosopher and friar who began and promoted the Protestant Reformation in Germany and whose teachings inspired the theological and cultural doctrine called Lutheranism. Luther exhorted the Church to return to the original teachings of the Bible, which produced a restructuring of the Catholic Christian churches in Europe. The reaction of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation was the Counter-Reformation. -
1500
Cristóbal de Morales
Was the most famous Spanish composer of the mid sixteenth century. His music was known internationally during his lifetime. -
Mar 30, 1510
Antonio de Cabezón
Was a Spanish Renaissance composer and organist. Blind from childhood, he quickly rose to prominence as a performer and was eventually employed by the royal family. He was among the most important composers of his time and the first major Iberian keyboard composer. -
1544
MADDALENA CASULANA
Maddalena Casulana (c.1544 – †1590) was an Italian composer, violin player and singer of the late Renaissance. She was the first woman composer to have an entire exclusive volume of her music printed and published in the history of Western music. -
1554
Giovanni Gabrieli
Was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift from Renaissance to Baroque idioms. -
Mar 30, 1566
Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa
Was Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza. As a composer he is known for writing madrigals and pieces of sacred music that use a chromatic language not heard again until the late 19th century. He is also known for killing his first wife and her aristocratic lover upon finding them in flagrante delicto. -
May 15, 1567
Claudio Monteverdi
Was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered a crucial transitional figure between the Renaissance and Baroque periods of music history. -
ANDREA GABRIELI
was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. Uncle of perhaps the most famous composer Giovanni Gabrieli, he was the first internationally renowned member of the Venetian School of composers. He had great influence on the spread of the Venetian style in both Italy and Germany. Gabrieli was a prolific and versatile composer, and wrote a great deal of music, including sacred and secular vocal music, music for mixed groups of voices and instruments. -
ORLANDO DI LASSO
Orlando di Lasso (Mons, 1532 - Munich, June 14, 1594) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. Along with Palestrina and Victoria, he is considered one of the most influential composers of the 16th century. He was one of the most prolific, versatile and universal composers of the late Renaissance. He wrote more than 2,233 compositions, including vocal music with lyrics in Latin, French, Italian and German, in all genres known at his time.
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GIACOMO CARISSIMI
Was one of the most eminent Italian composers of the early Baroque and one of the main representatives of the Roman School. He was born in Marino, near Rome, in 1604 or 1605. It is not known with certainty what his early years were like or the studies he followed, but at the age of 20 he held the position of chapel master in Assisi, a position he held for several years. . -
TOMAS LUIS DE VISTORIA
Tomás Luis de Victoria (Ávila, 1548 - Madrid, August 27, 1611) was a Catholic priest, chapelmaster and famous polyphonist composer of the Spanish Renaissance. He has been considered one of the most relevant and advanced composers of his time, with an innovative style that heralded the imminent Baroque. Its influence extends to the 20th century, when it was taken as a model by the composers of Caecilianism.
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BARBARA STROZZI
Was an Italian Baroque singer and composer. During his lifetime published eight volumes of her own music and had more secular music in print than any other composer of the time. This was achieved without any support from the Catholic Church and without the constant patronage of the nobility. Strozzi's life and career have been overshadowed by claims that she was a courtesan, which cannot be fully confirmed, as at the time female music was assumed to be an intellectual asset of a courtesan. -
Henry Purcell
English composer of the middle Baroque period, most remembered for his more than 100 songs; a tragic opera, Dido and Aeneas; and his incidental music to a version of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream called The Fairy Queen. -
ANTONIO VIVALDI
Antonio Vivaldi (Venice, March 4, 1678-Vienna, July 28, 1741) was a Venetian Baroque composer, violinist, printer, teacher and Catholic priest. He is considered one of the greatest Baroque composers, his influence during his lifetime spread throughout Europe and was fundamental in the development of the instrumental music of Johann Sebastian Bach. -
Georg Philipp Telemann
Was a German Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist. He is one of the most prolific composers in history, at least in terms of surviving oeuvre. Telemann was considered by his contemporaries to be one of the leading German composers of the time. -
Georg Friedrich Händel
Was a German-British Baroque composer well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concertos. -
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
Was a German composer, musician, conductor, chapelmaster, cantor and teacher of the Baroque period. He was the most important member of one of the most prominent families of musicians in history, with more than famous composers: the Bach family. He had great fame as an organist and harpsichordist throughout Europe for his great technique and ability to improvise music on the keyboard. In addition to the organ and harpsichord, he played the violin and viola da gamba. -
Gluck
was a composer of Italian and French opera in the early classical period. Born in the Upper Palatinate and raised in Bohemia,[1] both part of the Holy Roman Empire, he gained prominence at the Habsburg court at Vienna. There he brought about the practical reform of opera's dramaturgical practices for which many intellectuals had been campaigning. -
Joseph Haydn
Austrian composer who was one of the most important figures in the development of the Classical style in music during the 18th century. He helped establish the forms and styles for the string quartet and the symphony -
Antonio Stradivarius
Was an Italian luthier and craftsman of string instruments. The Latinized form of his surname, Stradivarius as the colloquial Strad are terms often used to refer to his instruments.
His instruments are considered some of the finest ever made, and are extremely valuable collector's items. -
Nannerl Mozart
called "Marianne" and nicknamed Nannerl, was a musician, the older sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) and daughter of Leopold (1719–1787) and Anna Maria Mozart (1720–1778).was born in Salzburg. When she was seven years old, her father Leopold Mozart started teaching her to play the harpsichord. Leopold took her and Wolfgang on tours of many cities, such as Vienna and Paris, to showcase their talents -
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
Was a German composer, pianist, conductor and professor of the former Archbishopric of Salzburg, master of Classicism, considered one of the most influential and outstanding musicians in history. -
MARIA THERESIA VON PARADISE
was an Austrian pianist and composer. Although she completely lost her sight from the age of three, this did not prevent the production and work of this great pianist, singer and composer from continuing to stand out. His contributions were fundamental for the musical education of his time, especially for the blind. He caused great interest in the renowned composers of his time, including Mozart and Haydn. -
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN
was a German composer, conductor, pianist and piano teacher. His musical legacy spans, chronologically, from Classicism to the beginnings of Romanticism. He is considered one of the most important composers in the history of music and his legacy has decisively influenced the subsequent evolution of this art. -
ROSSINI
Fue un compositor italiano que ganó fama por sus 39 óperas, aunque también escribió muchas canciones, algunas piezas de música de cámara y piano y algo de música sacra. Estableció nuevos estándares tanto para la ópera cómica como para la seria antes de retirarse de la composición a gran escala cuando aún estaba en la treintena de edad, en el apogeo de su popularidad. -
Franz Scubert
Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Despite his short life, Schubert left behind a vast oeuvre, including more than 600 secular vocal works (mainly lieder), seven complete symphonies, sacred music, operas, incidental music, and a large body of piano and chamber music. -
HECTOR BERLIOZ
Berlioz was horrified by the dissection process and, despite his father's disapproval, abandoned his studies to study music. He attended the Paris Conservatory, where he studied composition and opera, being greatly impressed by the work and innovations of his teacher Jean-François Lesueur. -
FELIX MENDELSSOHN
He was a German composer, conductor and pianist of romantic music, and brother of the pianist and composer Fanny Mendelssohn. -
CHOPIN
Fue un profesor, compositor y virtuoso pianista franco-polaco, considerado uno de los más importantes de la historia y uno de los mayores representantes del Romanticismo musical.3456 Su maravillosa técnica, su refinamiento estilístico y su elaboración armónica se han comparado históricamente, por su influencia en la música posterior -
ROBERT SCHUMANN
He was a German composer, pianist and music critic of the 19th century, considered one of the most important and representative composers of musical Romanticism.
Schumann left his law studies, intending to pursue a career as a virtuoso pianist. His teacher Friedrich Wieck had assured him that he could become the best pianist in Europe, but a hand injury ended this dream and he focused his musical energies on composition. -
Franz Listz
was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, and teacher of the Romantic period. -
Johannes Brahams
was a German composer, pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period. Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, he spent much of his professional life in Vienna. He is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the "Three Bs" of music, a comment originally made by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow. -
Richard Wagner
German dramatic composer and theorist whose operas and music had a revolutionary influence on the course of Western music, either by extension of his discoveries or reaction against them. -
Giuseppe Verdi
was an Italian composer best known for his operas.Verdi overcame his despair by composing Nabucodonoser (composed 1841, first performed 1842; known as Nabucco), based on the biblical Nebuchadnezzar -
Clara Schumann
was a German pianist, composer, and piano teacher. Regarded as one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era, she exerted her influence over the course of a 61-year concert career, changing the format and repertoire of the piano recital by lessening the importance of purely virtuosic works. She also composed solo piano pieces, a piano concerto (her Op. 7), chamber music, choral pieces, and songs. -
SMETANA
fue un compositor nacido en Bohemia, región que en vida del músico formaba parte del Imperio austrohúngaro. Fue pionero en el desarrollo de un estilo musical que quedó íntimamente ligado al nacionalismo checo. Por ello, se lo reconoce en su país como el padre de la música checa. Internacionalmente es conocido por su ópera La novia vendida y por el ciclo de poemas sinfónicos que representan la historia, leyendas y paisajes de la patria natal del compositor. -
Musorgski
was a Russian composer, one of the group known as "The Five". He was an innovator of Russian music in the Romantic period. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music. -
Tchaikovsky
was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music would make a lasting impression internationally. Tchaikovsky wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the current classical repertoire, -
Antonin Dvorak
was a Czech composer. Dvořák frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia, following the Romantic-era nationalist example of his predecessor Bedřich Smetana. Dvořák's style has been described as "the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition, -
EDVARD GRIEG
was a Norwegian composer and pianist, considered one of the main representatives of late Romanticism. He adapted many themes and songs from his country's folklore, thus contributing to creating a Norwegian national identity, just as Jean Sibelius did in Finland or Antonín Dvořák in Bohemia. -
RIMSKI-KÓRSAKOV
was a Russian composer, conductor, and pedagogue, a member of the group of composers known as The Five. Considered a master of orchestration, his best-known orchestral works—the Spanish Capricho, the Great Russian Easter Overture, and the Symphonic Suite Scheherezade—are valued among the main ones in the classical music repertoire, as well as the suites and fragments of some of his fifteen operas. Scheherezade is an example of his frequent use of fairy tales and folk themes. -
PUCCINI
He was an Italian opera composer, considered among the greatest, of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a visionary, creator of the music concepts that would govern cinema during the 20th century. For him, the use of modal passages or polytonal devices and tonality or atonality were matters of effect that were defined by the dramatic needs of the work. -
HUGO WOLF
was an Austrian composer of Slovenian origin, who lived during the final years of the 19th century in Vienna. An enthusiastic follower of Richard Wagner, he became involved in the disputes existing in Vienna at that time between Wagnerians and Formalists or Brahmsians. He was a very enthusiastic person, but also very unbalanced. -
Gustav Mahler
was an Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer, and one of the leading conductors of his generation. As a composer he acted as a bridge between the 19th-century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect, which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era. -
DEBUSSY
fue un compositor francés, uno de los más influyentes de finales del siglo xix y principios del xx. Algunos autores lo consideran el primer compositor impresionista, aunque él rechazaba categóricamente el término. -
Jean Sibelius
was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely regarded as his country's greatest composer, and his music is often credited with having helped Finland develop a stronger national identity when his country was struggling from several attempts at Russification in the late 19th century. -
ARNOLD SCHÖNBERG
was an Austrian composer, music theorist and painter of Jewish origin. Since he emigrated to the United States in 1934, he adopted the name Arnold Schoenberg, and this is how he usually appears in English-language publications and around the world. -
Maurice Ravel
His name is often thought of with that of Claude Debussy, but their music is really quite different. Ravel liked children and animals and his music is often about them. He liked to write about fairy tales and stories from far away lands. He wrote some lovely piano music, most of which is difficult to play. -
MANUEL DE FALLA
He was a Spanish composer of musical nationalism, one of the most important of the first half of the 20th century, along with Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina and Joaquín Rodrigo, and one of the most important Spanish composers of all time. -
BARTOK
was a Hungarian musician who stood out as a composer, pianist and researcher of Eastern European folk music. He is considered one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. He was one of the founders of ethnomusicology, based on the relationships that unite ethnology and musicology. -
Igor Stravinsky
was a Russian composer and conductor with French citizenship (from 1934) and United States citizenship (from 1945). He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century and a pivotal figure in modernist music. -
Joaquin Turina
Turina was born in Seville. He studied in Seville as well as in Madrid. He lived in Paris from 1905 to 1914 where he took composition lessons from Vincent d'Indy at the Schola Cantorum de Paris and studied the piano under Moritz Moszkowski. Like his countryman and friend, Manuel de Falla, while in Paris he familiarized himself with the impressionist composers Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy, whose music had a profound influence on his compositional practice -
Kodaly
was a Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, music pedagogue, linguist, and philosopher. He is well known internationally as the creator of the Kodály method of music education.Kodály learned to play the violin as a child. In 1900, he entered the Department of Languages at the University of Budapest -
HECTOR VILLA-LOBOS
He was a Brazilian conductor and composer.1 His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music and European classical music.
He received some musical instruction from his father. Already before 1899, the year of his father's death, Villa-Lobos had begun to dedicate himself to music as a professional. -
George Gershwin
was an American composer and pianist whose compositions spanned popular, jazz and classical genres. Among his best-known works are the orchestral compositions -
OLIVER MESSIAEN
He was a French composer, organist, pedagogue and ornithologist, one of the most outstanding musicians of the entire century. Both his fascination with Hinduism and his admiration for nature and birds, his deep Christian faith and his love for instrumental color were essential to his formation as a person and artist. -
PIERRE SCHAEFFER
was a French composer. He is considered the creator of concrete music. He is the author of the book titled Treatise on Musical Objects, where he exposes his entire theory on this type of music. He composed different works, all of them based on the technique of concrete music. Among them, it is worth highlighting his Study for locomotives. -
John Cage
was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. -
Pierre Henry
a french composer whose experiments with electronically manipulated sound helped create the style known as musique concrète and anticipated the innovations of techno, died on Thursday in Paris. He was 89 -
PHILIP GLASS
Is an American minimalist classical music composer. He studied at the Juilliard School in New York. His international recognition increased since the appearance of his opera Einstein on the Beach (1975).
A prolific composer, he has worked in various fields such as opera, orchestral music, chamber music and cinema. He regularly works with the Philip Glass Ensemble. He has collaborated with Paul Simon, Linda Ronstadt, Yo-Yo Ma, Doris Lessing and Robert Wilson.