-
Grand Alliance + Stalin's fears of allies
-Churchill resolute opponent to Communism/day after Op Barbarossa, said "any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid"
-marriage of convenience-defeat common enemy, circumstance rather than choice, had little else in common
-Western fear + hatred of Communism remained/thought of USSR less of a threat than Hitler + needed help from Red Army to fight-defence + security -
Period: to
Economic, social + political impact of war in USSR
-5 year plans brought industrial development in east
-Ger occupation cost 63% of coal production,58% of steel, 45% of railways + 41% of arable land
-Supreme Soviet-"On the Military Situation"-ensure supply of arms for 11m people (16% of population) in armed forces
-all men aged 16-55 + women 16-45 put to work-53% women in workforce
-white collar workers switched to munitions
-pensioners+students work
-military share of budget ^ 29%-57%
-evacuation of factories from W-E,1503 units moved -
Period: to
Impact on war in USSR
-only Lend Lease loans prevented complete collapse of economy
-27m dead, 25m homeless
-no civilian uprising: -repression + terror continued in Communist regime, propaganda higly effective-"Great Patriotic War to save "Mother Russia" and leadership of Stalin"
-pragmatism saw concessions to previously outlawed Orthodox Church -
Anglo-Soviet military assistance pact
-agreed, but no possibility of Stalin's key demand of a second front
-practicalities outweighing all other considerations as Stalin agreed to adopt principles of Atlantic Charter (principles for post war world-free trade + right of people to choose own govs)
-Stalin believed it was a deliberate ploy in delaying opening 2nd front-confirmation that W wanted to see them weak -
Tehran Conference
-Red Army began to push Germans back after Battle of Stalingrad, Gers forced out of Africa, It invaded + USA stopped JP in Pacific
-Stalin demanded 2nd front, agreed
-2nd front in France, USSR had no resistance in taking all territories which they annexed in Poland + Baltic 1939-42, + Poland compensated w/ German territory-USSR would liberate S EU by itself due to Op Overlord=Buffer Zone -
Poland Liberation
-Home Army revolt against Ger-wanted non-com gov
-German defeat of Warsaw Uprising destroyed HA
-NKVD + Polish Com shot/imprisoned thousands to eliminante anti-Soviet opposition
-Churchill + Roosevelt clung to compromise
-Jan 1945 USSR recognised provisional gov
-Polish gov in London
-Oder-Niesse Line -
Romania liberation
-Bessarabia + N Bukovina, offensive 20 Aug 1944
-Romanian King disposed of pro-Ger gov, wanted to negotiate
-Br + USA accepted it as part of Soviet influence + gave no help to King
-1945 March-coup on coalition gov to create pro-Soviet + Communist dominated National Democratic Front gov -
Hungary liberation
-Sept 1944 Soviet troops crossed border, head of state appealed for ceasefire
-Dec 1944 Red Army outskirts of Budapest
-Dec 1945 elections 17% of vote but 3 key posts -
Bulgaria liberation
-anti-Western bias in Romania, Soviet officials supported workers + peasants
-occupation of Romania=invasion of Bulgaria
-Allied Control Commissions in Oct 28 -
Soviet liberation of Eastern Europe
-"Percentages agreement"/Churchill-Stalin meeting, USSR 90% predominance in Romania + 75% in Bulgaria, Br 90% in Greece, while Yugoslavia + Hungary divided equally for Br + Sov spheres of influences-Churchill drops it due to Roosevelt
-Lend Lease cut-needed govs in EU to be friendly to USSR -
Czechoslovakia liberation
-alliance w/ USSR 1943, still annexed Ruthenia 1944
-last country to fall
-1944-5 Soviet Army occupied more
-1945 Provisional Gov-8 seats Communist, Ministeries of Interior + Info -
Yalta Conference
-during war
-Stalin wanted territory + control, wanted to retain influence in E EU, "what is ours is ours, what is theirs is theirs"
-each power (Br, Fr, USSR + USA) allotted own zone of Ger + section of Berlin-4 Power Control
-UN established
-Reorganise provisional gov by including democratics from Poland + London
-confirmed Poland's E borders on Curzon line + receive increase in N + W (land removed from Ger) due to USSR
-elections ASAP
-Declaration on Liberated EU-emergency measures -
Potsdam Conference
-post war, Truman new USA Pres, Atlee new Br PM w/ Labour gov, removed common enemy, USA developed atomic bomb, was abt to use it against JP-urged USSR to make a nuclear power ASAP
-Stalin saw himself as senior statesman, determined to move frontiers of Poland west into Ger
-German demilitarisation, denazification + punishment of war criminals
-Allied Control Council-no central Ger gov-military commanders from 4 powers-each one in charge of own zone
-Council of Ministers-peace + treaties w/ axis -
Potsdam Conference Terms pt2
-Reparations, USSR extract as much as possible/West wanted sufficient strength=temporary compromise, USSR + West take from zones, Br + USA 10% of reparations to Soviets + 15% in own zone in exchange for food + raw materials
-Poland-substantial accessions of territory from Ger, Oder-Neisse Line recognised
-development of UN
-Red Army in Poland -
Cold War Start
-stalin's actions of expansion in EU + change in American attitude + policy=Truman, no longer common enemy + isolationist
-Stalin's motives:expansion + advancing Communism,rebuliding economy + exploit E EU for resources. "buffer zone" to protect from evils of W
-Sovietisation=Balkan region, supported comm movements in Greece, Turkey + Iran,outside sphere of inf,access to Med, Africa + ME 1946-47
-West saw moves as aggressive + expansionist=fear combined w/ ignorance,mistrust + misunderstanding -
USA + USSR breakdown of relationship
-USA intended to reduce commitment in EU + co-operate w/Russians to ensure stability, hopes broke down after Stalin's imposition of Com govs in E EU, defiance of Yalta=untrustworthy
-Kennan, US diplomat in Moscow, "Long Telegram",believed Stalin aimed to expand Russian dominance over EU, believed they would take over continent + endanger W interests, Br + Fr too weak to stop "Red Tide", USA has to -
Truman Doctrine + policy of Containment
-"America would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures"
-USA would not return to isolationism,committed to containing spread of Communism throughout the world
-Political,economic + military when needed to countries in danger of Com-Turkey + Iran 1947
-Martial Aid $13.3b
-appeared that USA was acting nobly + unselfishly-would open up trade markets for US exports + investments-needed countries in support of Capitalism
-"Dollar Diplomacy" USSR