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The Gnadenhutten Massacre
in 1782 a group of militiamen from Pennsylvania killed 96 Christians. to go to the cooper shop two at a time -
Resilience
announced at a small gathering of historians in Chicago that the "frontier had closed," with his famous thesis arguing for American exceptionalism -
the creek war
thus the creek civil war became a war of American conquest by the end of the war the majority of upper creek people were homeless and an estimated half of population -
Indian Removal Act
Losing Indian land resulted in a loss of cultural identity, as a tribes relied on their homelands as the place of ancestral burial location -
The reservation system
The Indian reservation system was created to keep native Americans off lands that European Americans wished to settle. -
The Sand Creek Massacre
Indians fighting back to defend their people and protect their homelands provided ample justification for American forces to kill any Indians on the frontier -
Sioux Treaty of 1868
All of the tribes involved gave many thousands of acres of land that had been promised in early treaties -
The Dawes Act of 1887
authorized the federal government to break up tribal land by partitioning them into individual plots. -
The Ghost dance
a shaman of Northern Palate tribe. had a vision claiming god had appeared to him in the guise of Native Americans. -
Wounded Knee
The massacres site became a place if remembrance for Native Americans, and decades later wounded knee would be a rallying cry in struggles for Native American rights.