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Constitution
It is stated in the US Constitution that household surveys are to be conducted every 10 years so that taxes are distributed appropriately. source -
First Census
It took 18 months for surveyors to go door to door and survey all thirteen states. Native Americans who did not pay taxes were not counted and African American Slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person. source -
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All household members counted
For the first time all free household members are asked for their names and occupations, not just the head of household. source -
14th Ammendment
The fourteenth ammendment is ratified and African Americans are counted as a whole person. source -
More individuals are counted
For the first time the Native Americans and Chinese are enumerated in the survey. source -