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Normalcy
Term coined by Warren Harding in an address before the Home Market Club in Boston, this term came to symbolize, to powerful businessmen, the immediate abandonment of the foreign and domestic policies of Wilson. This meant a return to high protective tariffs and a reduction in taxes. -
Warren G. Harding
Republican president, successor of Theodore Roosevelt. His campaign slogan was "A Return to Normalcy." -
The Jazz Age
Jazz music became a symbol of the "new" and "modern" culture of the cities, especially for young people. -
Fundentalism
Set of religious beliefs including traditional Christian ideas about Jesus Christ. -
Movie Industry
Centered in Hollywood, California, it became big business. Going to the movies became a national habit everywhere. -
Ezra Pound
An American expatriate poet, musician and critic who was a major figure in the Modernist movement in poetry. -
Radio
The radio became the new mass of media and entertainment after newspapers. Enabled people all over the country to listen to the same things. -
Marcus Garvey
Created the Universal Negro Improvement Association, promoted the "Back to Africa" movement, organized black businesses and established a corps of Black Cross nurses. -
Back to Africa Movement
Founded by Marcus Garvey, a movement that encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America. -
Modernism
Modernists took a historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religious faith. -
Langston Hughes
Wrote during the Harlem Renaissance. He was an African American and was the best known poet in the Harlem movement. -
Harlem Renaissance
Black artistic movement in NYC when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow. -
Prohibition
The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol from 1920-1933. Goal was to eliminate drunkenness. -
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages. -
Flappers
Social and fashion movement by young women who tried to rebel against traditional values by wearing short dresses, rolled stockings, red lipstick/makeup; smoked cigarettes, drank, drove cars. -
Quota System
Established the maximum number of immigrants from any given country. -
Teapot Dome Scandal
A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921. -
Bureau of the Budget
Primary task is to prepare annual budget every January; also controls the administration of the budget, improving it and encouraging government efficiency. -
Ohio Gang
A group of men that were friends with President Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved. -
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. Prevented foreign trade, which badly affected the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade. -
Sinclair Lewis
A journalist who wrote Main Street and Babbitt, belittled small-town America, and was the chief chronicler of Midwestern life. Master of satire. -
Duke Ellington
One of the most influential jazz bandleaders and composers of all time. -
Election of 1924
The Republican candidate was Coolidge, the Democratic candidate was John W. Davis, and the Progressive candidate was Follette. -
National Origins Act
Restricted immigration from any one nation to 2% of the number of people already in the U.S of that national origin in 1890, which severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely. -
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A novelist who wrote The Great Gatsby. -
Bull Market
Stock market at all time high, stocks selling for more than they are worth. -
Ernest Hemingway
Author who wrote The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, exemplified the "Lost Generation" of WWI. -
Eugene O'Neill
An innovative playwright who portrayed realistic characters and situations (Strange Interlude). -
The Great Depression
Economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash. -
Black Tuesday
The day when prices in the stock market took a steep dive, plunging over $10 million dollars. -
The Great Crash of 1929
The stock market dropped violently, losing much of its value and contributing to the start of the Great Depression. -
The Automobile
Affected everything Americans did; shopping, traveling, commuting, dating, etc. -
Dust Bowl
Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms. -
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
U.S. legislation that raised import duties by as much as 50%, adding to the Great Depression. -
Okies
The nickname given to farmers and their families who came from the regions of Oklahoma or Texas to California in search of the "Promised Land." -
Trickle-Down Economics
Herbert Hoover's economic policy. Help the rich instead of the common people. If the rich get richer, their investments supposedly will lead businesses to expand, and some of that money will trickle down to the people in the form of jobs and salaries. -
The Three "R's"
Roosevelt's New Deal Program served as a way to relief people from out of work, recovery for businesses and the economy, and the reform of economic institutions. -
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
One of Hoover's policies to help the depression. Provided $1.5 billion in loans to railroads, mortgage companies, and banks on the verge of collapse. -
Repeal of Prohibiton
F.D.R made a campaign promise to repeal Prohibiton and raise more tax money for Congress by passing the Beer-Wine Revenue tax, which legalized the sale of beer and wine. The 21st amendment was then passed to repeal the 18th -
Financial Recovery Plans
As the financial part of the New Deal program FDR enacted four programs to help fix the banks: Federal Deposit Insurance Company (insurance on deposits of up to 5,000 dollars), Home Owners Loan Corporation (prevents foreclosures on small homes), Emergancy Bank Relief Act ( authorized the govenment to examine the finances of banks during holidays), and the Farm Credit Administration (provides low interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosure). -
Programs for the Unemployed
Many of the programs created during thr Hundred Days were related to the aid of unemployed workers such as: the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (offers federal grants to states and local governments that operated soup kitchens), the Public Works Administation (gave money to states for building roads or other public work which sourced jobs), and the Civilian Conservation Corps (employed young men on federal land projects). -
Industrial Relief Programs
The key program of FDR's New Deal was the establishment of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) which provided long-term and immediate relief, but it was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935. -
The Civil Works Administration
The CWA was added to the PAW and many other New Deal Programs as a way to create jobs by hiring laborers for temperary construction jobs. -
The Securities and Exchange Commission
The SEC was created to regulate the stock market and make strict limits on kinds of speculative practices that aided in the market crash of 1929. -
Social Security Act
The Social Security Act was created as a federal insurance program that automatically collects tax money from employees and employers during their work careers and then will be given back monthly to the employee at the age of 65. -
Federal Taxes
A revenue act was enacted and as a result, it signficantly increased taxes on the income of the wealthy few, capital gains, and large gifts. -
Rural Electrification Administration
The REA provided loans for electrical cooperatives, so they could supply power to rural areas. -
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
The Wagner Act guarantees worker's the right to join a union and union's have the right to bargain collectively. -
Resettlement Administation (RA)
The administration provided loans to sharecroppers, small farmers, and tenants, and it also estalished federal camps for migrant workers. -
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
The WPA spent billions of dollars to help provide jobs for people from 1935 to 1940.
