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Virginia and Kentucky Resolution
This resolution was written by Thomas Jefferson (when he was Adams VP) and James Madison to protest the Alien and sedition Acts. They argued that states had the right to contest federal laws and determine whether the laws are constitutional, therefore the Alien and Sedition acts are not valid within their state borders. This is later used for the nullification crisis. -
Revolution/election of 1800
The election of 1800 was called a revolution due to the drastic reversal in US politics because the legislative and executive branch were now controlled by the Democratic-republicans (previously controlled by Federalists). First modern 2 party election (12th amendment) with smear campaigns and nasty rhetoric on both sides. Jefferson defeats Adams making the first peaceful transfer of power. -
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Jefferson's Presidency
3rd president of the US
He was the Leader of the Democratic-Republican party and was a constructionist meaning he believed presidents did not have power that the constitution did not give them. He worked to limit Federal power. -
Marbury vs. Madison/Judicial Review
At the end of Adams' term, he appoints Marbury as a judge but Madison (Jefferson's secretary of state) refuses to give Marbury his judges commission so Marbury sues Madison in the supreme court. To avoid taking sides they refuse Marbury's demands but they agree that what Madison did was wrong so they establish Judicial Review which allowed the supreme court to declare federal laws unconstitutional and revise legislative acts. -
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson worked to limit federal power and was a constructionist (followed constitution strictly) but he buys Louisiana from Napoleon even though the constitution does not give him that power directly. Napoleon needed money to fund military expeditions so he sold Louisiana for very little (15 million). This land opens more opportunities for white settlement. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore and relocate and integrate Native Americans. -
Embargo act
This act was passed by Jefferson to control the economy and prevent war. It restricted trade between the US and Europe supporting the idea of isolationism. Overtime this act worsened the economy although it helped propel the Market Revolution. -
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Madison's Presidency
4th President of the US
Was president during war of 1812 after being pressured by war hawks to declare war on Britain. -
Market Revolution
Jefferson's Embargo act and the war of 1812 both prevented trade with Britain whom the US had been reliant on for manufactured goods. This forced the US to create their own factories to supply the economy and become more self-reliant. There were more textile mills, iron works, railroads, canals, and roads which were helped by funding from the gov't and accelerated westward expansion. This only took place in the North which created more division with slave/plantation reliant southern states. -
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War of 1812
Americans declare war on Britain after the British continue impressment and arming Native Americans. Tecumseh's War was a part of this as Native Americans allied with the British because they lost land to American Settlers. The Americans defeated the Natives and invaded Canada when Britain was fighting Napoleon. Then the British invade and burn DC but eventually surrender and agree to disarm Natives. This victory raises patriotism in America. -
Hartford Convention
As the British were burning down DC, the federalists met up secretly. They discussed secession and changes to the revolution. Federalists were against the war of 1812 and regretted the 3/5ths compromise claiming that the south had too much power. After the war was won, the Hartford participants were revealed and shamed leading to the downfall of the federalist party. -
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Era of Good feeling
This was during the presidencies of Madison and Monroe where the Democratic-Republicans were in power. This ends when the party splits (Whigs & Democrats) after the rise of Andrew Jackson and populism. -
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Monroe's Presidency
5th president of the US
Was a Democratic-Republican. His presidency was a part of the "Era of good feeling" and he established the Monroe doctrine -
Missouri Compromise
Missouri applied for statehood and the free state demanded that it enters the union as a free state fearing that the slave states would gain more power. At the same time Maine applied to be a state and it already didn't have slaves. Henry Clay creates a compromise that allows Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state but new states north of Missouri will be a free state (revoked by the Kansas-Nebraska Act). -
Monroe Doctrine
Said that European Empires couldn't colonize the Americas anymore because it was the american sphere of influence. Old colonies could stay but no new colonies could be formed. -
Election of 1824
4 Democratic-Republicans run for office including populist, Andrew Jackson, John Q. Adams, speaker of the house, Henry Clay, and Crawford. No won the majority so the House of Representatives made John Q. Adams president. Henry Clay helps gain votes for Adams (he becomes secretary of state for Adams) and Jackson calls it a "corrupt bargain." After the election the Dem-Reps split because Adam's supporters created an anti-Jackson party (Whigs). -
Henry Clay
Henry Clay was a Kentucky lawyer and politician. He supported the war of 1812 and implemented an "American System" by making a new national bank, investing in infrastructure, and passing protective tariffs. He became Secretary of State (Q. Adams Admin.) after losing the election of 1824 and endorsing John Q. Adams. He was called "The Great Compromiser" for making many compromises during his 40 year long congress career. -
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Q. Adams Presidency
6th President of the US
Was the son of former president John Adams and was previously a Federalist. -
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Jackson Presidency
7th President of the US
Jackson was a war hero and populist meaning he appealed to the common man. Many voters saw him as "anti-establishment." -
Trail of Tears
The Indian Removal Act was implemented during Jackson's presidency which sought to relocate 60,000 Native Americans so white settlers could use the land and create more plantations. They move all of them to Oklahoma and along the way 1/4 of them die hence why it is called the "Trail of Tears". They abandoned efforts to early efforts to integrate them. -
Daniel Webster
Massachusetts politician and lawyer who was a moderate federalist (was able to remain as federalist and still get elected to congress even after the party's fall) and later a leader of the newly formed Whigs. He was opposed to the war of 1812, the embargo act, and universal male suffrage. He spoke against secession of the New England state. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner, a slave from Virginia, learned how to read (specifically religious texts). After being sold to a smaller farm he develops a belief that he is destined to end slavery so he kills his master and 60 other white neighbors and recruits 75 other slaves and attempts to steal weapons. The Virginia militia hunt them down killing them and 120 other slaves. This prompted harsher laws among slaveholders and more anti-literacy among slaves. Also proves to abolitionist that slaves want freedom. -
William Lloyd Garrison
A journalist and abolitionist who was involved in the American Colonization Society (effort to resettle freed slaves in Africa, he later apologizes) and was a supporter of Women's Rights. Published an abolitionist newspaper in 1831 called the Liberator which inspired Fredrick Douglass' autobiography. It argued for immediate uncompensated liberation of slaves. He believed that the constitution allowed slavery by saying nothing about it unlike Fredrick Douglass who believed it condemned slavery. -
Nullification Crisis
During Jackson's presidency, he implemented protective tariffs (imports) which helped Northern states but hurt southern plantations who were still reliant imports from Europe. Calhoun (former VP of Jackson) leads efforts to nullify tariffs in South Carolina. S. Carolina starts considering secession and Jackson threatens military forces to collect tariffs so Henry Clay creates a compromise to gradually lower the tariffs. Because of the compromise S. Carolina repeals the Nullification. -
John Calhoun
South Carolina politician who was VP of Q. Adams and Jackson, and secretary of state/war. He was a radical Democratic-Republican who avidly supported the war of 1812 and a major supporter of slavery. He led the nullification crisis in S. Carolina after resigning from VP (Jackson Admin.) and he fueled the secession movement in S. Carolina in the 1860s. -
Temperance Movement
A movement to ban and/or regulate alcohol. In the 19th century, alcohol was heavily drunk especially among men. Many believed it caused crime, poverty, and overall disorder in society. Many women were involved with this movement. The American Temperance Union was formed in 1833 with 13 stated prohibiting alcohol. -
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Transcendentalism
An American Philosophical Movement that encouraged authentic experiences with an emphasis on nature. It was critical of industrial society and said individuals have an insight and can access god through nature. It was related to Romanticism (Hudson River School) and was founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Henry David Thoreau was also major Transcendentalism philosopher. -
Manifest destiny
Manifest Destiny was the idea that Americans had the god given the right to expand west to the pacific coast. This idea was supported by the Monroe Doctrine and the Presidency of Andrew Jackson (i.e trail of tears). Mostly Democrats supported this but the Whigs were concerned that Democrats sought to expand the land for slavery. -
Hudson River school
A 19th century art movement focused on Romanticism (natural emotions, authentic thought, and individualism). Landscape paintings of new frontier land for settlement land. It contrasted the beauty of nature with the monotony of civilization. Had contradicting undertones of fascination with nature and pride in possessing the land. -
Fredrick Douglass
An escaped slave from Maryland who was taught to read by his master's wife. He would bribe boys with bread for books and at the age of 20, he escaped to Massachusetts. He read the Liberator (Garrison) which inspired him to write an autobiography (published in 1845). The autobiography received nationwide recognition and renewed recapture efforts. He escaped to Europe but eventually returns after English admirers buy is freedom. -
Susan B. Anthony
A radical women's suffrage supporter who was raised in a Quaker family who believed in basic equality. She worked with abolitionists and gained public speaking experience. She didn't attend the Seneca Falls Convention, Believing it to be not enough and she disapproved of the 14th and 15th amendment allowing free male slaves the right to vote but not women. She pushed for these reforms to include women. In 1872 she attempted to vote in the presidential election but got arrested. -
Women's Suffrage/Seneca Falls Convention
A movement to legalize Women's Right to vote. It was illegal for women to vote in the 1800s because they believed that women had different brains (they were too emotional and were only good as wives and mothers).
The Seneca Falls convention was the first organized event for Women's suffrage. Fredrick Douglass spoke there and they passed the Declaration of sentiments (modeled after the Declaration of Independence). -
Henry David Thoreau
Transcendentalist that believed in self-reliance, simple life, and a connection to nature. He was critical of modern progress and argued for authenticity. For 2 years he retreated to the woods and lived alone later writing a book on it called Walden/Life in the Woods. He refused to pay taxes which ended up with him getting arrested inspiring him to write On Civil Disobedience in 1849, claiming that we have a moral obligation to resist injustice by authorities and violence can be justified.