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1492
The Columbian Exchange
Was the creation of colonies which led to he exchange of new types of foods, plants, animals, diseases and technologies, by voyages between the Old world(Europe) and the new world (America). Effects were the transmission of African populations into slavery and the exchange of diseases like smallpox. Population in the Americas fell drastically due to diseases, ultimately led to population growth in Europe. -
1492
Christopher Columbus
He discovers the New world of Americas. The finding of the New world of Americas opened the way for European countries to colonize and exploit the land and their people. This started trade between Europe and the Americas. This further aloud for the Columbian exchange. His voyages launched centuries of European exploration and colonization in the American continents. -
First slaves brought to Jamestown
The first English North American slave ship landed in Jamestown Virginia. The arrival of the enslaved Africans in the New World marked the beginning of two and a half centuries of slavery in North America. The Middle Passage was the voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic ocean. It marked the beginning of race-based bondage that defined the African American experience. -
House of Burgesses
Was the first democratically- elected legislative body in the British American colonies. Was an assembly of elected representatives from Virginia that met from 1643- 1776. Established for the purpose of passing laws and maintaining order in the Jamestown colony of Virginia and the other settlements that had grown around it. Was the beginning of a representative government in America. It effectively ended martial law in Jamestown and resulted in new found freedoms among the settlers. -
The Mayflower.
Set sail from Plymouth ,UK to voyage to America. The passengers were in search of a new life, seeking religious freedom and other a fresh start on new land. These passengers settled the first colony in New England, which shaped the future for American colonies. These travelers established the Mayflower compact which was there to establish basic law and order in the colony. Helped introduce America to religious freedom, the rule of law and economic liberty that shaped the US for 400 years. -
Religious intolerance
Anne Hutchinson believed that an individuals intuition is a guide for achieving salvation. She was seen as a threat to the Puritan community, because woman were not aloud to speak or teach in public. Rodger Williams asserted the idea of separation of church and state , contending that the states was not capable of making sound judgments regarding religion. Williams was expelled by Puritan leaders Puritans were strict Calvinists followers of John Calvin. Puritans believed in predestination. -
Act of toleration
The act was meant to ensure freedom of religion for Christian settlers in the colony. It was a Maryland Toleration act for the Christians who settled in Massachusetts. Lawmakers hoped that it would make Massachusetts a more desirable location for immigrants and was the first law to protect religious freedom in the 13 colonies. It did not extent to Non- Christians however. Dissenting Protestants such as Baptists and Congregationalists benefited from this act. -
Bacons rebellion in Jamestown
Was the last major uprising of enslaved Blacks and white indentured servants In the colonial Virginia. A consequence of this failed rebellion was the intensification of African slavery and the social separation of blacks and whites in Virginia. Rebellion was triggered when Native American land was denied, oppressive legislation, taxation policy and restrictive voting rights. After Bacons death Berkeley regained complete control and hung the major leaders of the rebellion. -
The Enlightenment
Originally took place in Europe ,encouraged people to value logic and reason more than just taking things at face value or accepting them by faith. John Locke and David Hume led the movement. Ultimately led to a decline in faith. An intellectual and cultural movement in the 18ty century that emphasizes reason over superstition and science over blind faith. It produced modern secularized theories of psychology and ethics. Questioned traditional authority and that humanity can be improved . -
Salem Witch trials in Salem Massachusetts
Contributed to changes in the court procedures which included rights to legal representation , cross- examination of accusers and the presumption that one is innocent until proven guilty. The trials resulted in the execution of 20 people , most of them woman. A group of young girls in Salem claimed to be possesses by the devil and accused several local woman for witchcraft. The governors own wife was accused of witchcraft and ended an end to the trails. It showed how quickly association spread. -
Slavery in Chesapeake and South Carolina
In Chesapeake slaves were closely supervised by slaveholders, in South Carolina they were subjected to precise work objective where after completion of duties they could embark on their regular business. Slavery in Chesapeake enforced laws that defined slavery as a lifelong and inheritable condition based on race. This made slaves profitable because planters could rely not only on their labor but also their children, In Chesapeake slaves were tobacco planters. -
The seven year war
This war provided Great Britain with great territorial gains in North America. The wars expenses led to colonial discontent and ultimately the American Revolution. The treaty of Paris was signed to officially bring an end to the French and Indian war. The British were awarded Canada, Louisiana and Florida and therefore removing European rivals and opening North America for Westward expansion. Strengthened American colonies by removing their European Rivals to the North and South. -
Proclamation of 1763
Was a British produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide. The proclamation line prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from French after the French and Indian war. It was done to appease Native Americans by checking the encroachment of European settlers on their lands. It kept peace between settlers and native Americans, made colonists live close to the coast where it was easier for British to control them. -
The Stamp Act
Required all legal documents to carry a tax stamp. Was the first direct tax used by the British government to collect revenues from the colonies. At the same time there was the sugar act, Townshend Acts and the intolerable Acts this contributed to the tension and unrest among colonists which ultimately led to the American Revolution . While the sugar act taxed only on foreign goods and the Stamp Act taxed items within the colonies. This act was passed cause sugar never brought in enough money. -
Boston Massacre
Helped Unite the colonies against Britain. A minor fight became a turning point in the beginning of the American revolution. Helped spark the colonists desire for American Independence, the dead rioters became martyrs for liberty. It demonstrated to the colonists that British troops would resort to violence and restore order in the colonies. It was a bloody confrontation between the angry colonists and the British troops stationed there. Led to a stronger Boycott on British goods. -
Coercive acts ( Intolerable acts)
A series of 4 laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston tea party. The laws intended to make them pay for there resistance, damage, and destruction of tea by closing down the Boston Harbor. It was the Boston Port act, The Massachusetts Government act, the administration of Justice Act and the quartering act. Was to warn other colonies of the consequences of rebellious behavior. Was designed to cause damage to particular aspect of life. -
Second continental congress
Met inside Independence Hall. Was held to plan further responses if the British Government had not repealed or modified the acts. The goals were to organize and direct the colonies. They appointed George Washington as commander of the continental army and authorized the raising of the army through conscription. Approved a Declaration of causes outlining the rationale and necessity for taking up arms for the 13 colonies. They formally adopted the declaration of independence. -
Olive Branch petition
Adopted by the continental congress. The petition professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities. King George III rejected this petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion's. Delegates asked the king to stop using military force against the colonists so they could settle their differences with Parliament peacefully. This enraged them, this was a major cause of the American Revolution. It furthered the tension between Britain and colonists. -
Writing of the Declaration of Independence
The document was drafted by a committee made up of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Rodger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. Jefferson wrote the first draft then edited by others and congress. The goal was to rally the troops, win foreign allies, and announce the creation of a new country. The Declaration of Independence 3 major ideas were God made all men equal and gave them the rights of Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness. Was signed on the 2nd august 1776 -
Articles of confederation
A document written that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain. The articles created a combined name for the 13 states, state governments still had their own powers and also the combined states were responsible for helping to protect each other from attacks. Served as the first constitution which was later replaced with the current constitution. This help them write an improved document after Shays Rebellion. -
Battle of Yorktown
The battle of Yorktown was a battle that was apart of the revolutionary war in which America fought for there independence. The battle proved to be the decisive engagement of the American Revolution. The British surrender which leads to the end of British rule in the colonies and the birth of a new nation- The United States of America. Britain realized it was to costly to continue. Cornwallis surrendered to Washington, effectively ending the War of Independence. -
The Northwest Ordinance
Established a government for the Northwest Territory and outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union and it also guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states. It also listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. Once a territory reached a population of 60,000 they could apply for statehood. The ordinance protected civil liberties and outlawed slavery in the new territories. More states were able to enter the Union . -
George Washington's presidency
Was the first president. He helped establish a strong central government which structure is still useful today and also put in a place a plan which would help fix the problem of the national debt. He presided over the writing of the U.S constitution which is a document that provides the basis for the laws that govern the country. Washington's decision to only run for two terms became and unwritten rule for all presidents. He was also well liked because he lead the continental army to victory. -
John Adams Presidency
The 2nd president. XYZ affair was a diplomatic incident between the French and US, ended in a undeclared war known as the Quasi-war. He releases the Alien and sedition acts which tightened restrictions on Foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical to the government. Also had the Marbury v. Madison was the first U.S. Supreme court case to apply the principle of judicial review. His greatest ability was to rally Americans around the cause of independence. -
Thomas Jefferson's Presidency
Jefferson was the Vice president of the Democratic- Republican party and ran against John Adams. He had won the election and in his time as president he established the US military academy in 1802, He made the big decision to purchase Louisiana. The admission of Ohio to the union in 1803 and in the years to follow until 1809 he also accomplished the Lewis Clarke expedition, abolition of slave trade, Chesapeake affair and Embargo Act. Overall his presidency was positive and created opportunity. -
Missouri compromise
This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and also Maine as a non-slave state at the same time so that it would not upset the balance between slave states and free states. Made free soil all western territories north of Missouri's southern border. The compromise was struck down as unconstitutional, people rushed into the territory to vote in favor for or against. The rush led to massacre known as bleeding Kansas and propelled itself into the very beginnings of the American civil war. -
Corrupt Bargain of 1824
Was a alleged deal between presidential Candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election in Adams favor. The accusation became the rallying cry for Jackson supporters who had been a majority of the popular vote. It resulted in a one-party political system that would suppress criticism and alternative ideas. Clay would support Jackson in return for Jacksons appointment of Clay for secretary of state. Following this election, presidents were directly elected. -
Reform Movements
The three main reform movements of this time were woman suffrage, abolition and Temperance. The woman's suffrage movement resulted in the nineteenth amendment to the U.S constitution which gave woman the rights to vote. The abolition movement evolved from religious roots to become a political effort that at times led to violence. Eventually led to the 13th amendment. The temperance movement combined a concern for general social ills with religious sentiment and practical health considerations. -
Indian removal act ( Trail of tears)
Signed by Andrew Jackson, authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. The main reason was to make westward expansion for Americans easier. This removal by force contributed to the loss of entire tribes, their culture, traditions, and languages. The Trail of tears commemorates the removal of the Cherokee and the paths that 17 Cherokee detachments followed westward. Relocation of 50,000 eastern Indians. -
Americanization
Was designed to assimilate people of wide ranging cultures into the dominate culture. This social movement was sponsored by the government and citizens who were concerned. schools and voluntary associations taught immigrants the skills needed for citizenship. Despite these efforts many immigrants didn't want to abandon their traditions. An example of Americanization was the Dawes Act which led Native Americans to sell their lands. They wanted to change unskilled immigrants to skilled workers. -
Texan Independence
Houston's army won a quick battle against Mexican forces at San Jacinto and gained independence for Texas. It was the founding of the Republic of Texas. In a effort to avoid some states seceding from the United States. Texas got annexed by the US in 1845 and was admitted to the union as the 28th state. Texas gave up land for $10 million in order to pay off previous debt. Texas entered the Union as a slave state broadening the irrepressible differences in the U.S over the issue of slavery. -
Polk as president
James Knox Polk. As president he oversaw the largest territorial expansion in American history- over a million square miles of land, acquired through a treaty with England and war with Mexico. Polk signed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with the Mexican government. Treaty ended the Mexican war. Polk accused Mexican troops of having attacked Americans on U.S soil, north of Rio Grande. He supported Manifest destiny. He believed they had the God given right to rule the west. -
Mexican- American war
Was a battle for land where Mexico was fighting to keep what they thought was their property and the U.S desired to retain the disputed land of Texas and obtain more of Mexico's northern lands. It helped fulfill manifest destiny to expand its territory across the entire North American continent. The US received the disputed Texan territory, as well as New Mexico territory and California. Westward expansion led to increasingly bitter and decisive debates over slavery in the new territories. -
Compromise of 1850
Senator Henry Clay attempted to seek a compromise and advert between the North and South. As a part of the compromise the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington D.C was abolished. California entered the Union as a free state. Allowed the addition of some free states and some slave states. Provisions contributed to the eventual outbreak of the Civil War. Sectional disagreements related to slavery were straining the bonds of the Union resulting in the compromise of 1850. -
Bleeding Kansas
Kansas engaged in a violent guerilla war between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in an event known as Bleeding Kansas. Significantly shaped American politics and contributed to the coming of the Civil war. The main issue was rival territorial governments, election fraud, and arguments over land claims all contributed to the violence. Foreshadowed the violence that would ensue over the future of slavery during the civil war. Both sides flooded into territory's to sway the votes. -
Fort Sumter ;Civil war begins
Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolinas Charleston Harbor. Less than 34 hours later Union forces surrounded. This attack marked the official beginning of the American Civil War. This attack prompted four more states to join the Confederacy. With Virginias secession , Richmond was named the Confederate Capital. Once confederate states took control of Charleston Harbor they aimed costal guns on the fort and fired Provoked the North to assemble army. -
Homestead act of 1862
This act encouraged western migration by providing settlers with 160 acres of land in exchange for a nominal filing fee. This was because there was a huge rate of immigration entering the east. Before getting the land their were requirements: they had to live on their land, the land had to be farmed for 5 years and you had to improve the land .The homestead act was signed by Lincoln. They wanted to develop the American west and spur economic growth. -
Pacific railway Act 1862
Led to the successful completion of the transcontinental railroad. Which reduced travel time across the continent from several months to one week. Lincoln wanted it done by 1875 and the two companies working on it finished by 1871.They got paid for every mile they did. Union Pacific railroad company(East) and Central pacific railroad company(west). Met up at the promontory point in UT. Land was also offered to the company fir every mile they completed. It would help transport immigrants. -
Morrill Act
This act made it possible for states to establish public colleges that were funded by development or sale of associated federal land grants. This act established at least one college in every state. That everyone could access. Morrill had a vision of true democracy in higher education. It allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges. Gave money to states to provide education for racial minorities. It funded the construction of agricultural and mechanical schools. Helped share and divide land. -
Emancipation Proclamation
Declared by President Lincoln, that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom. It added morale force to the Union cause and it strengthened the Union both militarily and politically. Black Americans were aloud to serve for the Union for the first time. It paved the way for permanent abolition of slavery in the US. Declared that all people who had slaves within rebellious states will be freed. The loss of slaves crippled the Souths ability to wage war. -
The battle of Vicksburg
An important battle in the civil war that marked a turning point. Was a strategic part in completing the Anaconda plan by taking over the Mississippi River and cleaving the South into two. This was a 47 day battle but after the Union had won the battle of Gettysburg a day before this boosted morale. Both of these battles secured a turning point in the war. The confederacy and the Union both used the Mississippi river for transport and communication so this was a huge loss for the confederacy. -
10% Reconstruction plan
Introduced by President Lincoln. Proposed that a state can be readmitted to the Union once 10% of voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation, however it did not give former slaves any citizenship rights. The Radical Republicans opposed Lincolns plan, as they thought it was to lenient toward the south. The plan was not successful. All southerners except high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would get granted a full pardon. -
14th amendment
Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the laws. It guaranteed freedom, due process, and equal protection under the law to all Americans. States cannot pass las that bypass the privileges or immunities of US citizens, nor should any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property. It put the federal government in business of policing liberty. Overall strengthened the federal governments power over the States. Provided the legal framework for civil rights movement. -
15th amendment
Prohibited any government in the US from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude. Was created to ensure that states, or communities were not denying people the right to vote simply based on their race. Many Southern states reacted poorly. It did not grant suffrage to all men, but only prohibited discrimination on the basis of race and former slave status. Was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states. -
The First National Park- Yellowstone
Was in the border area between Wyoming and Montana and Idaho. It was famous for Old Faithful geyser and for buffalo and bears. After more parks were created the National Park service was created by Wilson. This national park was called Yellowstone. The government put aside this land in the West to preserve it. Congress established the park with the purpose of protecting man-made structures, not just natural features like the forests and canyons. People were scared of overdevelopment. -
Crime of 1873
Refers to dropping silver dollars from official coinage by an act by congress in that year, this set the stage for the gold standard in the U.S. The Coinage act enacted by congress and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. Was given its name by those who saw the planned restriction of specie as an attack against farmers and debtors. Was done in order to prevent inflation and stabilize the economy, congress put the nations currency on a gold standard. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
Also known as Custer's Last Stand, it was the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S Army defeat in the long plains Indian war. The death of Cluster and his troops became a rallying point for the U.S to increase their efforts to force native peoples onto reserved lands. The army sent the South to Indian territory where defeated survivors soon joined them. It was however a temporary victory. Remaining tribes were forced to cede their lands and move onto other reservations. -
Compromise of 1877
An informal, unwritten deal that settled the dispute 1876 U.S Presidential election. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House on the understanding that he would remove the federal troops from South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. It marked the end of the Reconstruction era. It gave new power to northern Republicans. Encouraged southern states to support Hayes. Also ended reconstruction because of the increased violence by the Ku Klux Klan -
Dawes Act
The purpose of this act was to protect American Indian property rights especially during the land rushes of the 1890s. The government stripped over 90 million acres of tribal land from Native Americans and they sold that land to non-native US citizens. It outlawed tribal ownership of land and forced 160 acre homesteads into the hands of individual Indians and their families with the promise of future citizenship. They wanted to assimilate Native Americans into white culture as soon as possible. -
Policy of Concentration
This policy divided the tribes from each other and made them easier to control. This also allowed government to force tribes into different locations and to also take over the most desirable lands for the white settlers. Sioux Wars. It also permitted the United States to carry out the program of Americanizing people into communities of small farmers. Provided white settlers with the most productive lands while relocating Indians to areas north and south of white settlements. -
Sherman Anti-trust Act
Reflected a growing concern by American public that the expansion and growth of monopolies were detrimental to the free market system of the United states and its citizens. It was there to prohibit monopolies and sustain competition to protect companies from each other and to protect consumers from unfair business practices. It increased unhappiness of many US citizens. It banned businesses from merging to from a monopoly. It was not successful. Paved the way for acts like the Clayton Act. -
Populist party
An Agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the farmers and agrarian workers. They advocated for federal ownership or railroads, bimetallism and direct election of senators. Took part in 3 elections and then ended up collapsing due to lack of support. Some of their goals were achieved during the progressive era such as direct election of Senators and also women's suffrage. Received support of Union officials like Knights of labor leader and railroad organizer. -
Coxey's Army
Illustrates the harsh financial situation in the United States during the Panic of 1893. It showed a growing desire among Americans for the government to play a more active role in solving peoples problems. The army was a group of unemployed people who marched Washington D.C. They protested the income inequalities. They demanded that Congress provide more relief to the unemployed. It had no impact on public policy, however it inspired other marches. People jailed for trespassing on the Capitol -
The Pullman Strike
250,000 railroad workers on 20 railroads, demonstrated the power of the labor movement. Injunction was used to break the strike. This resulted in a greater court involvement in limiting the effectiveness of strikes. The American Railway Union paralyzed the American Railroad network west of Chicago by refusing to handle the Pullman cars. effort was however not successful. The boycott dissolved in mid-July and the ARU was defeated. It did bring Eugene Debs national attention and led to socialism. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed for "equal but separate" accommodations of black and white people. It was important because it essentially established the constitutionality of racial segregation. It resulted in a major setback in the struggle for equality between races and set the stage for racial segregation within the South until its overruling in 1954. Passed laws requiring segregation and stating that anyone not following the law could be jailed. -
Presidency of William McKinley
He presided over the victory of the Spanish-American war, gained control over Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba. He restored prosperity after a deep depression, rejected the inflationary monetary policy of free silver. He created the Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers from foreign competition. He also secured the passage of the Gold standard. McKinley was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz. This led to the start of vice precident Roosevelts presidency. -
The rough riders
Was the most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba. The name was given to the First U.S Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant secretary of the navy in may 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. They fought in the Spanish American war. Recruited a diverse group of cowboys, miners and enforcement officers to join. They won the battle of San Juan Heights. They played a key role in the outcome of the war for the city of Cuba -
U.S Imperialism
The expansion of American political, economic, cultural, media and military influence further than just American boundaries. This helped boost the economy. Was motivated by social Darwinism, manifest Destiney and the cold war. They gained access to more strategic military locations, and gain new resources, trade and markets. It helped develop global defense support. The main motives for imperialism are exploratory, economic, political ideological and religious motives. New transportation systems -
The explosion of the USS Maine
An unknown cause sank the battleship in the Havana, Cuba harbor, killing 266 of the 354 crew members. This incited United states passions against Spain, eventually leading to a naval blockade of Cuba and also a declaration of war. Contributing factor in the outbreak of the Spanish- American war. It was concluded that the Maine explosion was caused by a fire that ignited its ammunition stocks, not by a sabotage or Spanish mine. Many US citizens blamed Spain. -
Battle of Santiago de Cuba.
The U.S victory ended the war, suppressed all Spanish naval resistance and enhanced the reputation of the U.S Navy. The Spanish lost every vessel in the flotilla and had many men wounded, killed and captured. This defeat ensured the independence of Cuba from Spanish rule. They were led by Major General William Shafter. Two weeks after this battle Spain surrendered Santiago de Cuba. This all resulted because tension worsened as they tried to quell the Cuban war of Independence. -
Results of the Spanish-American war
Produced a peace treaty "treaty of Paris". The US emerged as a world power, Cuba gained independence from Spain and the US gained possession of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. They also annexed Hawaii. Enabled the US to establish its predominance in the Caribbean region and to pursue strategic and economic interests in Asia. The last battle was the battle of Asomante. Ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and secured the US as a Pacific power. -
Theodore Roosevelt
His goals were the modernization, expansion and reform of the Federal Government. He used his power to protect wildlife and public lands. In foreign policy he focused on Central America where he began the construction of the Panama Canal. He expanded the US in world affairs, taking on large businesses known as trusts. He expanded the national conservation system. He created the square deal, and policies for labor. His presidency endowed he progressive movement. He also won a noble peace prize. -
The rise of Muckrakers
Were journalists and novelists of the progressive era who sought to expose corruption in big businesses and government. The work influenced the passage of legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers. Some impacts were the end of Standard Oil's monopoly over the oil industry, the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug act and the creation of the first child labor laws in the US. Their goal was to raise awareness of social injustices, inequality and corruption. -
Building of the Panama Canal
The canal symbolized U.S technological prowess and economic power. At the time it was heralded as a major foreign policy achievement. The canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, it is a crucial piece of infrastructure supporting the free flow of international trade and goods in the western hemisphere. Building it was part of a strategy to make the United States more powerful. Also provided military support. Made traveling quicker and easier for transport and trade. -
The Model T Automobile
Henry Ford made this to be affordable, simple to operate and durable. Was one of the first mass production of vehicle. He managed to reduce labor hours benefitting workers. Government was able to generate enough revenue from gasoline taxes to enable sustainable development on roads. Enabled investments in other businesses such as restaurants, farms, school and suburbs. It gave people more personal freedom and access to jobs and services. This would later lead to the improvement of future cars. -
William Howard Taft
He was a president and also became the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, being the only person to have served in both of these offices. He established a postal savings system, formed the Interstate Commerce Commission and prosecuted over 75 antitrust violations. His reforms addressed the progressive goals of democracy, social welfare and economic reform. During his presidency the 16th amendment was passed and also gave Congress the power to create income taxes. Created dollar diplomacy. -
Trench warfare
Was a defensive military tactic used extensively by both sides in WW1. It allowed soldiers some protection from enemy fire but it also hindered troops from advancing, prolonging the war. Trenches created a living environment for the men which was harsh, stagnant and extremely dangerous. Trenches were easy to make ,easy to defend, cheap to build and don't need lots of men to defend them. They were however wet, cold and hard to get out without being seen by enemy. Had lots of diseases. -
John. D Rockefeller
Was widely considered the wealthiest American in history and the country first billionaire. His fortune came from his firm Standard Oil company, which grew to dominate the oil industry and was the first great business trust. He later turned to charity and founded the University of Chicago and endowed major institutions. He revolutionized the petroleum industry. His oil industry boosted the US economy through domestic consumption and overseas trade. He funded medical research and poverty. -
Zimmermann telegram
This telegram was written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, was a code message sent to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the US. It offered US territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. Reveled a plan to renew unrestricted submarine warfare and alliance with Mexico and Japan if US declared war on Germany. Message was intercepted by the British and passed onto the US. Changed the course of the war, persuading the U.S to join the war. -
Espionage Act
Passed by President Woodrow Wilson. The act made it a crime to convey information intended to interfere with the war effort. It was there to not only contain espionage but also public criticism of its war efforts. It prohibited not only spying and interfering with the draft of freedom speech but also false statements impeding military success. Prohibited obtaining information, recording pictures, or copying descriptions. Could be fined or imprisoned for speaking out against the government. -
Wilson's 14 points
Guidelines for rebuilding the postwar world. Included Wilson's ideas regarding nations foreign policies, including freedom of the seas and free trade and the concept of national self-determination. It was designed to undermine the Central powers will to continue and to inspire the Allies to victory. He used the 14 points as a basis for negotiating the Treaty of Versailles that ended the war. This also helped bring the Germans to peace talks at the end of the war. -
The Red Scare
Many Americans feared recent immigrants and dissidents, especially those who embraced communist, anarchist or socialist ideology. It led to the rounding up and deportation's of many immigrants of radical political views by the federal government. The scare was caused by fears of supervision by communists in the US after the Russian revolution. It led to the deportation of many people, Americans assumed any immigrant or member of a labor union was communist. -
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty formally ended WW1. The clause forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for the war. This meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied Powers. Also forced Germany to surrender colonies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. It essentially led to WW2 because its terms punished Germany harshly, Germans were angry. It led to a political and economic crisis causing the rise of Hitler and the start of WW2 -
Harlem Renaissance
Was the golden age for African American artists, writers and musicians. Gave pride in artists and control over how the Black experience was represented in American culture. Set the stage for the civil rights movement. It decreased racism and segregation, and increased the integration between the two cultures. There was a focus on cultural awakening of intellect and talents. Caused by the great migration ,development of the black middle class, new political agenda advocating racial equality. -
Stock Market crash of 1929
Millions of people invested their savings or borrowed money to buy stocks, which pushed prices to unsustainable levels. This accelerated the global economic collapse which also led to the Great Depression. Led to sharp drops in European production, increased unemployment and the collapse of some banking systems. It lowered consumer spending, caused panic that worsened and ongoing recession. Contributed to the banking crisis. It frightened investors and consumers. Many lost jobs, life savings. -
The Dust Bowl
An economic and environmental disaster. Was caused by over production of single crop farming. Soil exhaustion and soil erosion. Topped off with a drought and strong winds. Homes got buried, fields were blown away and crops turned to dust resulting in no food. Affected the southern plains. People and livestock were killed. Over 2 million people had to leave there homes. Intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great depression. Drove people to migrate for work and better living conditions -
Social Security Act
Created a insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 and older continuing income after retirement. Benefits for old age workers, victims of industrial incidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and kids, physical handicapped and the blind. Entitled to a monthly check based on lifetime earnings. Still applies to 95% of all jobs in the economy today. The decision excluded agricultural and domestic workers, which was half the workers in the economy -
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese attack. Dry docks, ships, airplanes and airfields were destroyed. The Japanese had failed to cripple the Pacific fleet. Japan was motivated by political self interests. They hoped to destroy the US Pacific fleet and weaken the resolve of American people. They hoped it would be devastating enough for Americans to give up. The US could no longer avoid a active fight. Roosevelt declared war on Japan. All Japanese Americans were forced to leave there homes and live in camps for most of war. -
D-Day
This operation brought together the land, air and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest invasion. Delivered 5 naval assault divisions to the beaches of Normandy, France. It marked the turn of the tide for the control maintained by Germany. It was a military success, opening Europe to the Allies and a German surrender less than a year later. Naval forces had to escort and land 132,000 ground troops on the beaches. Many soldiers drowned and were shot. Was successful. -
The YALTA conference
Meeting in Yalta of president Roosevelt ,Prime minister Churchill and Joseph Stalin, where leaders discussed the treatment of Germany, the statement of Poland ,the creation of the United Nations and Russian entry into the war against Japan. The surrender would be divided into 4 post-war occupation zones, controlled by U.S, British, French and Soviet military forces. Berlin would also be divided. The conference failed. The uneasy alliance of capitalists and communists would not endure. -
Dropping of the atomic bomb
Hiroshima and Nagasaki were experiments. These bombings brought an end to WWII but at the cost of the Japanese civilian population. It ushered the age of nuclear weapons. They wanted to test the affects of the bomb. Led to the Cold War. Devastated Japans economy, military and government. American citizen's felt a mixture of pride, relief and fear. Led to increased rates if cancer and chronic diseases among the survivors The most common reaction was to abolish war once and for all. -
The baby boom
The generation was a result of a strong postwar economy, in which Americans felt confident that they would be able to support a large number of children. Also influenced the economy as a core marketing demographic for products that tied to their age group. Strained the capacity of public education, labor market and the housing market. Caused families to migrate from cities to suburbs promoting a building boom in housing, schools and shopping malls. Wanted families after the war and Depression. -
The Truman Doctrine
Established by Harry. S Truman that the US would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations who are under the threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. It was there to prevent the spread of communism. The Doctrine proved that the world was divided. It caused US forces to invade the Middle East to protect it from the Soviets. It pledged that the US would fight communism. The Greek government was able to defeat communism. -
The Marshall plan
The plan was to provide markets to American goods, create reliable trading partners and support and develop stable democratic governments in Western Europe. Mainly to prevent the spread of communism in Western Europe. Generated an effort to stimulate economic growth in a suffering European economy. This aid provided much needed capital and material that enabled Europeans to build their economy. There was an increase in industrial and agricultural production, expanded trade among Europe nations. -
The Berlin airlift
Successful resistance of Soviet pressure, and avoided a shooting war. Significantly contributed to increased division between West and East and also the growth of the Cold war. It was necessary to keep millions of German citizens from starving and freezing to death. Allied soldiers dropped supplies such as food, water, clothing, and coal from airplanes to help the people survive. It exposed the deep ideological differences separating the East and West. East hoping they'd give in. -
China falls to Communism
Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the Peoples Republic of China. The US government refused to recognize Communism as Chinas government. The people were shocked that containment had failed and that China was Communist. Led to the United States to suspend diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades. It created a radical shift in the Cold war. The spread of communism throughout south- east Asia caused fear. The US steadfastly refused to recognize the new communisms. -
The start of NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization created by the U.S, Canada and several Western European nations to provide a group security against the Soviet Union. Was the first peacetime military alliance the US entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere. If one NATO ally is attacked then all NATO allies are attacked. It promotes democratic values and encourages trust in the long run preventing conflict. NATO is still around today. It helped to secure peace in Europe. Decreased the chances of war -
Emergence of Rock
Originated from African-American music such as jazz, rhythm and blues and many more. It was the subject of controversy and contention. It made a impact inspiring and contributing to social and cultural change. They signified rebellion. It offered a bridge between races, classes, religions and cultures. It helped paved the way for desegregation. It reflected the spending power of young people as a result of the economic boom. It challenged existing social norms and became the soundtrack of youth. -
McCarthyism
The use of methods including accusations and investigations to suppress opposition. It was regarded as poor. US citizens were arrested for being suspected communist. This reflected the fears and hatred that Americans had. Senator Joseph McCarthy gradually lost his popularity after several accusations made were false. Many people were scared to speak out on public issues. If accused you would be blacklisted involving the denying of employment to entertainment. Most entertainers were accused -
Brown v. Board of education
Changed the country because if segregation in public schools was unconstitutional then segregation in public places would be unconstitutional as well. It was the end of legalized racial segregation in schools. Rejected the idea that educational facilities could be separate but equal. Proved that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th amendment. Led the way to growing a understanding that all people regardless of race, gender, or disability have a right to education. -
The Space race
Played a significant role in the Cold war. Was a competition to prove their technological and intellectual superiority by becoming the first nation to put a person into space. It essentially showed the world who had the best science , technology and economic system. Had considerable benefits for human society including computer science, solar power and telecommunications. The United States had won the space race. It stimulated local economies especially where NASA had facilities. -
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white passenger on a bus. Lasted 381 days, resulted in the supreme court ruling segregation in public buses unconstitutional. It helped to eliminate early barriers to transportation access. Successful in establishing the goal of integration. Bus stations were not earning as much money as they did before and only a few white's were riding them, they were starting to go bankrupt. African Americans took pride in the inconvinence caused. -
Little Rock Arkansas
Got the name "little rock nine" because there were 9 teenagers. Identified as the first African American students to desegregate. This was a test of the Brown v Board of education court ruling. Inspired many African Americans to stand against racism and stand up for themselves. The National Guard denied their entrance, whites picketed and protested. Eisenhower however ordered the school open and ordered troops of the 101st Airborne division into Little Rock to make sure they made it to school. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Led the movement to end segregation and counter prejudice in the US through peaceful protests. He led marches for the right to vote, labor rights, desegregation and the civil rights. He oversaw the Montgomery bus boycott and was the first president of the SCLC. He was also a Baptist minister. He founds the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He employed tactic of Ghandi which lead to many followers. He helped organize the march on Washington, leading to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -
Freedom rides
Group of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in bus trips through the American South to protest segregated bus terminals. Showed that nonviolent direct action could do more. As a result the US supreme Court banned segregation in interstate bus travel. Attracted the attention of the Kennedy Administration. It inspired African Americans all around the country. Violence was used against them, puts a great deal of pressure of the federal government to get involved. -
Impact of Cesar Chavez
A Mexican American labor leader and civil rights activist who dictated his life to his cause: the struggle of farm workers and their working and living conditions. He did this through organizing and negotiating contracts with their employers. Helped pave the way for better wages and working conditions. Helped Mexican Americans become U.S citizens and sign up to vote. He founded the national farm workers Association. He believed in non violent resistance. He helped advancement in civil rights. -
Cuban Missiles Crisis
Cuba allowed the Soviet Union to place nuclear missiles in their country that were aimed at the United States. Largely increased tension. Soviets offered to remove missiles if the US pledged not to invade Cuba. Closest the two superpowers came to nuclear conflict. The US agreed to not invade Cuba and the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles. The country came together as people and rallied around the president. The US enacted a naval "quarantine" around Cuba turning away ships with weapondry. -
March on Washington
Quarter of a million people rallied in Washington D.C to demand an end to segregation, fair wages, voting rights, education and economic justice. Was a peaceful demonstration to promote Civil rights and economic equality for African Americans. It pressurized the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress. Was led by Martin Luther King Jr. Civil rights leaders took to the podium to issue urgent calls to action. The crowds were calm. -
Civil rights act of 1964
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. This act also forbade discrimination on the basis of sex and race when hiring, promoting and firing. It strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and desegregation of schools. It granted the federal government power to fight black disfranchisement. It still resonates America today. It was intended to end discrimination, and gave federal law enforcement agencies the power to prevent racial discrimination. -
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Two Us destroyers in the Gulf radioed that they had been fired upon by North Vietnam forces. In response President Lyndon B. Johnson requested permission from Congress to increase the U.S military presence. It gave the president authority to increase involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam. Resulted in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident resolution authorizing the president to take any measures necessary to maintain peace and security n southeast Asia. Led to the war involvement. -
Operation Rolling Thunder
It was essentially a warning that the violence would escalate. Destroyed most of North Vietnam's oil storage facilities. Designed to force the North to abandon his ambition to take over South Vietnam. Airforce and Navy aircraft bombing campaign. Led to a variety of technological innovations in air- to air missal technology. 30,000 civilians were killed as a result. Also destroyed roads, railways and bases which essentially helped supply them. -
The Watergate Scandal
A major political scandal involving the administration of President Richard Nixon. Resulted in Nixon's resignation and 69 government officials being charged and 48 found guilty. Many Americans as a result lost faith in the Government and caused the damage of the presidents reputation. Nixon resigned to avoid impeachment. It was caused by an attempt to bug the offices of the Democratic party in the Watergate buildings. Essentially destroyed the Democratic party. -
Gerald Ford Presidency
The only U.S president to have never been elected into Presidency or Vice Presidency. Fords focus in domestic policy was on the economy, which then experienced a recession during his tenure. He campaigned a tax cut designed to rejuvenate the economy. He signed two tax reduction acts into law. During his presidency they faced the worst economy since the great depression. He also granted a pardon to Richard Nixon for Watergate. He did not get voted back in after his first 4 years. -
Jimmy Carter Presidency
Carter's greatest accomplishment was the Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finial end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. Iranian Jews hated Carter. Iranian people took Americans in the U.S embassy in Iran hostage. These people were kept hostage for 444 days. During his presidency we faced the energy crisis which pushed families into poverty and slowed economic growth. The energy crisis was at part due to the Iranian revolution. People lost faith. -
Camp David Accords
This event successfully produced the basis for an Egyptian-Israeli peace, in the form of framework documents. Was arranged by President Jimmy Carter. It made a peace treaty between these two nations possible. These agreements provided the Israel to becoming the first Arab nation to do so. They had been strong rivals for several decades and this was a major turning point in their relationship. Created stronger security and economic relationships between US and the parties in the agreement. -
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Reagan obtained a legislation that stimulated economic growth, he curbed inflation, helped increase employment and strengthen national defense. Hostages in Iran were free almost instantly when he started in office. Signs the national minimum drinking age act. His tax reduction and tightening interest rates by the federal reserve also led to national debt. He solidified conservative republican strength. Greatly strengthened military and appeals to family values. Established "new right" movement
