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Lynching
Lynching is an extrajudicial punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob, often by hanging, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a minority group. -
13th Amendment
This abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, -
Black Codes
The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
Sharecropping was common throughout the South well into the twentieth century, and required the work of entire families. Sharecroppers seldom owned anything. Instead, they borrowed practically everything — not only the land and a house but also supplies, draft animals, tools, equipment, and seeds. Tenant farmers usually paid the landowner rent for farmland and a house. They owned the crops they planted and made their own decisions about them. -
14th Amendment
The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. -
15th Amendment
prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." -
Jim Crow Laws
From the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws (so called after a black character in minstrel shows). -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". -
Thurgood Marshall
An distinguished lawyer that argued and won the Brown V Board of Education. He worked for the NAACP and was the first African American Supreme Court Justice. He died January 24th, 1993. -
19th Amendment
The 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation and protest. -
George Wallace
He is remembered for his Southern populist and segregationist attitudes during the mid-20th century period of the African-American civil rights movement and activism, which gained passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s to enforce constitutional rights for all citizens. He eventually renounced segregationism but remained a populist. -
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez was an American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist, who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
He was the leader of the Civil Rights movement and was arrested for protesting. He advocated nonviolent civil disobiedience and demanded equal rights for blacks including desgregation in all public facilities. -
20th Amendment
The 20th amendment is a simple amendment that sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies. -
Federak Housing Authority
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. -
Desegregation
Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. This is most commonly used in reference to the United States. Mostly between the African Americans and Whites. -
Nonviolent Protest
The practice of achieving goals without violence. -
Brown v. Ferguson
This was a landmark Supreme Court cases in the fight for African-American civil rights. The former case legalized racial segregation under the "separate but equal" law, while the latter case outlawed the doctrine. -
Rosa Parks
She worked for the NAACP and heard about the Claudette incident, who was arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus while she was pregnant and being 15 years of age. Rosa worked closely with MLK int he Montgomery Bus Boycotts. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. When Rosa Parks refused on the afternoon of Dec. 1, 1955, to give up her bus seat so that a white man could sit -
Orville Faubus
Orval Eugene Faubus was an American politician who served as the Governor of Arkansas, serving from 1955 to 1967. the national symbol of racial segregation when he used Arkansas National Guardsmen to block the enrollment of nine black students who had been ordered by a federal judge to desegregate Little Rock's Central High School. -
Civil rights Act of 1957
Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress in the United States since the 1866 and 1875 Acts. -
Sit-ins
The Greensboro sit-ins at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation. -
Civil Disobiedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. -
Betty Friedan
A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan co-founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW), which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men". -
Head Start
President Lyndon B. Johnson declared "The War on Poverty" in his State of the Union speech. The War on Poverty program was lead by Sargent Shriver, who Johnson appointed to personally. In November of 1964, Lyndon Johnson was elected President, and him and Shriver assembled a committee of academic and civil rights activists (Kagan, 2002). Among these academics, was Dr. Robert Cooke, who was a pediatrician at John Hopkins University. Dr. Cooke was asked by Mr. Shriver to gather a committee of the -
24th Amendment
The 24th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America abolished the poll tax for all federal elections. A poll tax was a tax of anywhere from one to a few dollars that had to be paid annually by each voter in order to be able to cast a vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Alandmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
Lester Maddox
an American politician who was the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. Maddox and his customers supported segregation and opposed the federal government's intervention in such policies. The Pickrick was open only to white customers and refused those who were black or those who were considered integrationists. -
Upward Bound
Upward Bound is a federally funded educational program within the United States. The program is one of a cluster of programs now referred to as TRIO, all of which owe their existence to the federal Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (the War on Poverty Program) and the Higher Education Act of 1965. -
Hector P Garcia
He was the founder of the American G.I. Forum. As a result of the national prominence he earned through his work on behalf of Hispanic Americans, he was instrumental in the appointment of Mexican American and American G.I. Forum charter -
26th Amendment
SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. SECTION 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. -
Title IX (9)
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. -
Affimative Action
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.
