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Black Codes
Southern states made ''black codes" after the Civil War to prevent African Americans from achieving political and economic autonomy. -
13th Amendment
the 13th amendment declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
After the American Civil War (1861–65), southern plantation owners were challenged to find help working the lands that slaves had farmed. They took advantage of former slaves desire to own their own farms. -
14th Amendment
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall take away the privileges of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. -
15th Amendment
the amendment granted African American men the right to vote stating the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." -
Jim Crow Laws
The segregation/disenfranchisement laws "Jim Crow" represented a formal, system of racial apartheid that dominated the American South for three quarters of a century beginning in the 1890s. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
A constitutional that uphold public segregation in states. "separate but equal.'' -
Desegregation
is the process word of ending a policy of racial segregation. An example is Brown v. Board -
CORE
stands for the Congress of Racial Equality, which is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans during the civil rights movement. Protesting in public settings. -
Rosa Parks
she was the "mother of the civil rights movement," Rosa Parks invigorated the struggle for racial equality. -
Civil Disobedience
is the refusal to comply/work with certain laws or to pay taxes/fines, as a peaceful non-violent form of political protest. -
Brown v. Board of Education
a law that declared separate schools between whites and blacks unconstitutional. -
Non-violent Protest
showing a want for social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent. The Albany movement, 1961, is an example. The Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-56, was the most notable. -
Lynching
a hateful group of people kill someone, especially by hanging, whipping, many more nasty and cruel things, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial. Emmet Till is a prime example. -
Emmet Till
While visiting family in Money, Mississippi, 14-year-old Emmett Till, an African American from Chicago, he was brutally murdered for flirting with a white woman four days earlier. Who later she admitted he never said a word to her. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Days before the Boycott officially began, Rosa Parks, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. it was a boycott about unequal rights on buses for blacks. In 1956, the US Supreme court declared that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional. -
Orval Faubus
he was the Democratic Governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967. -
SCLC
stood for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which was an African-American civil rights organization, which is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr. The goal was redeeming ''the soul of America'' through nonviolent resistance. -
Little Rock Nine
LRN was created to promote the ideals of justice and equality of opportunity for all. The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. -
Civil rights Act of 1957
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the law act. The Act marked the first occasion since Reconstruction that the federal government undertook significant legislative action to protect civil rights. -
Lester Maddox
he was a segregationist, he refused to serve black customers in his restaurant in Atlanta, in defiance of the Civil Rights Act. Also served as Lieutenant Governor during the jimmy carter was governor. -
Hector P. Garcia
Hector P. Garcia was not only a Mexican-American physician, but the founder of the American G.I. Forum, a surgeon, a civil rights advocate, and a World War II veteran. He was in a pursuit of social justice. -
Stokely Carmichael
he was a prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement, he also was a Trinidadian-American. Attended Howard university. -
Sit-ins
a sit in is a form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place, refusing to leave until their demands are met. The Greensboro sit-ins are an example. -
Affirmative Action
A.A. is a set of policies, laws, guidelines, and administrative practices are intended to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination, In the United States. President JFK was the first to use this law. -
Freedom Riders
were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States. The very first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which said segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional -
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. -
Ole Miss Integration
after a legal battle, an African-American man named James Meredith attempted to enroll at the University of Mississippi. Chaos briefly broke out on the Ole Miss campus, with riots ending in two dead, hundreds wounded and many others arrested, only after the Kennedy administration called out 31,000 National Guards and other forces to restore and help order. -
Betty Friedan
wrote her book in 1963, that broke ground for women finding their fulfillment outside the traditional roles women had back then. -
U of Alabama Integration
"Segregation forever!” when african american students tried to go to the school. A federal district court in Alabama in 1963, ordered the University of Alabama to admit African American students Vivien Malone and James Hood during its summer session. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. led the U.S. Civil Rights Movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. -
March on Washington
Was the largest peaceful protest with over 200,000 people both black and white attending, standing for the same thing, which was justice for equality for blacks. Also where MLK had his most remembered speech in front of the many people, "I have a dream". -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
is a major (landmark) civil rights and US labor law in the United States that prohibits the discrimination based on color, race, religion, sex, or national origin. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
President Lyndon Johnson aimed to overcome the barriers in the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment. -
Watts Riots
On Wednesday, 11 August 1965, Marquette Frye, a 21-year-old black man, was arrested for drunk driving on the edge of Los Angeles’ Watts neighborhood. The ensuing struggle during his arrest sparked off 6 days of rioting, resulting in 34 deaths, over 1,000 injuries, nearly 4,000 arrests, and the destruction of property valued at $40 million. On 17 August 1965, Martin Luther King arrived in Los Angeles in the aftermath of the riots. -
Black Panthers
founded in 1966, in many places. The Black Panthers believed that the non-violent campaign of Martin Luther King had failed.The language of the Black Panthers was violent as was their public stance. Huey Percy Newton and Bobby Seale were the founders. -
Thurgood Marshall
was a part of the supreme court of justice, also the 96th courts justice, was the first african american. -
George Wallace
is a former governor of Alabama. Spent years trying to prove he is not a racist. Was shot on may 15th, 1972 by 21-year-old Arthur Bremer, that shot paralyzed him for life. -
Title IX (9)
states that, no person in the United States will never on the basis of sex, be denied from participation in, denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.