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13th amendment
the 13th amendment states "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." -
sharecropping
Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have used a form of the system. agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management. -
black codes
Black Codes were laws passed by Democrat-controlled Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
the 14th amendment
the 14th amendments states that "All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." this means that all people were born with certain unalienable rights and they can't be taken away. during the civil rights time period, this law was really being put to use and that wasnt right. -
15th amendment
the 15th amendment states "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." -
jim crow laws
"Jim Crow" by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning "Negro". When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, these statutes became known as Jim Crow laws. a number of laws requiring racial segregation in the United States. These laws were enforced in different states between 1876 and 1965. -
plessy vs. ferguson
by a seven-to-one majority (one justice did not participate), advanced the controversial “separate but equal” doctrine for assessing the constitutionality of racial segregation laws. -
civil disobedience
the simple definition is the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. It was arguably during the abolitionist movement that civil disobedience first defined itself. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, James Bevel, Rosa Parks, and other activists in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s used civil disobedience techniques. -
hector p. garcia
A descendant of Spanish land grantees, Dr. García was born in the city of Llera, Tamaulipas, México, to José García García and Faustina Peréz García, both schoolteachers. His family fled the violence of the Mexican Revolution in 1917, legally immigrating to Mercedes, Texas. In 1929, Garcia joined the Citizens Military Training Corps, a peacetime branch of the United States Army for youths. He graduated from a segregated high school in 1932. -
CORE
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. the leaders were Bayard Rustin, James Farmer ,George Houser, and Bernice Fisher. -
brown v board of education
Segregation could lead to feelings of inferiority. It set a new legal precedent on the issue of segregation. It strengthened the growing civil rights movement. -
non-violent protest
Nonviolent resistance (NVR or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent. it caused definite tension, which gained national attention. In order to prepare for protests physically and psychologically, demonstrators received training in nonviolence. -
martin luther king jr.
was a Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. he was bassically an advocate for civil rights and everyone looked up to that man for leadership. -
rosa parks
she is known for her significance in the civil rights movement. she refused her seat on a bus for a white man and she influenced others to act in civil protest. she was arrested for not getting up for a white man. -
montgomery bus boycott
The Montgomery bus boycott, a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. basically, blacks and whites both protested peacefully and sat in any section of the bus. -
desegregation
An important goal of the Civil Rights Movement was the elimination of segregation. Yet segregation was a social, political, and economic system that placed African Americans in an inferior position, disfranchised them, and was enforced by custom, law, and official and vigilante violence. its the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools in such a manner as to redress prior racial segregation of schools, or to overcome the effects of residential segregation on local schools. -
emmett till
Emmett Louis Till was a 14-year-old African-American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after a white woman said she was offended by him in her family's grocery store. he was beaten, burned, and thrown into a river while he was still alive. he only looked at the lady and she told the men a different story and the men killed the innocent boy for no reason. -
orval e. fabus
Arkansas Democratic Governor Orval E. Faubus became the national symbol of racial segregation when he used Arkansas National Guardsmen to block the enrollment of nine black students who had been ordered by a federal judge to desegregate Little Rock's Central High School. this event was significant because they were attacking the children education by them not being able to be taught there. this created a national crisis at the time. -
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr, had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement. With the goal of redeeming ''the soul of America'' through nonviolent resistance, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was established in 1957, to coordinate the action of local protest groups throughout the South -
little rock nine
The group came to be known as the Little Rock Nine. On September 2, 1957, Governor Orval Faubus announced that he would call in the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the African-American students' entry to Central High, claiming this action was for the students' own protection. the nine were Thelma Mothershed Wair, Minnijean Brown Trickey, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls LaNier, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, and Melba Pattillo Beals. -
civil rights act of 1957
enacted September 9, 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The new act established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote. -
affirmative action
Affirmative action, in the United States, an active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and for women. ... By the late 1970s the use of racial quotas and minority set-asides led to court challenges of affirmative action as a form of “reverse discrimination.” -
sit ins
the simple definition is a group of people occupy a place as a form of protest. a iconic example of a sit in would be The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960, which led to the Woolworth department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. -
freedom riders
Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States, in 1961 and subsequent years, in order to challenge the non-enforcement of the United states. Southern United States, First Baptist Church, Parchman Farm and Jackson, Mississippi. Fred Shuttlesworth -
cesar chavez
Mexican-American farmworker, labor leader and civil rights activist César Chávez brought about better conditions for agricultural workers. Through marches, strikes and boycotts, Chávez forced employers to pay adequate wages and provide other benefits and was responsible for legislation enacting the first Bill of Rights for agricultural workers. -
ole miss integration
On September 30, 1962, riots erupted on the campus of the University of Mississippi in Oxford where locals, students, and committed segregationists had gathered to protest the enrollment of James Meredith, a black Air Force veteran attempting to integrate the all-white school. gained national renown at a key juncture in the civil rights movement in 1962, when he became the first African American student at the University of Mississippi. -
betty friedan
Betty Friedan was born February 4, 1921 and passed away February 4, 2006. she was an American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan co-founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women. -
march on Washington
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the March on Washington, or The Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. this was a civil rights gathering where martin luther king jr made his iconic "i have a dream" speech. it was a significant event and a great leap forward in the civil rights movement. -
u of alabama integration
Segregation forever!” When African American students attempted to desegregate the University of Alabama in June 1963, Alabama's new governor, flanked by state troopers, literally blocked the door of the enrollment office. The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door took place at Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama. it happened because of Brown v. Board of Education. Vivian Malone and James Hood register for classes at University of Alabama, George Wallace gains national attention -
lester maddox
this man was a segregation advocate. he wanted the blacks and whites ti be separate. after segregation was over, he still denied service to african americans at his restaurant. this was a big controversy at the time because segregation was already over and civil rights had already won. -
civil right act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. -
voting rights acts of 1965
The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson (1908-73) on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States. -
watts riots
The Watts riots, sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion, took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965. On August 11, 1965, an African-American motorist was arrested for suspicion of drunk driving. he crowd & tension escalated and sparked the riots, which lasted 6 days. More than 34 people died, 1000 wounded, and an estimated $50 - $100 million in property damage. -
stockly carmichael
Kwame Ture was a Trinidadian-American who became a prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement and the global Pan-African movement. he was a civil rights activist and national chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee -
black panthers
Black Panther Party, original name Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, African American revolutionary party, founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The party's original purpose was to patrol African American neighbourhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality. -
thurgood marshall
was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. -
lynching
this term is what a mob of people kill someone, especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial. From 1882-1968, 4,743 lynchings occurred in the United States. ... Whites started lynching because they felt it was necessary to protect white women. Rape though was not a great factor in reasoning behind the lynching. It was the third greatest cause of lynchings behind homicides and 'all other causes. last lynching was in 68 -
title IX
itle IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." -
george wallace
George Corley Wallace Jr. was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat: 1963–1967, 1971–1979 and 1983–1987. Wallace is remembered for his Southern neo-dixiecrat and pro-segregation "Jim Crow" positions during the mid-20th century period of the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 Inaugural Address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".
