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Black Codes
Were laws passed by southeren states and these laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
Taking advantage of the former slaves' desire to own their own farms, plantation owners used arrangements called sharecropping and tenant farming. Both methods required the planters to divide their plantations into smaller parcels of land. (This started after the civil wasr) -
13th Amendment
The Constitution declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment was aimed at protecting the citizenship rights and requal protection of all Americans but primarily former slaves. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment protects voting rights of all American citizens. This, coupled with the 14th Amendment guarantee that all former slaves were American citizens, guaranteed African-Americans the right to vote. -
Jim Crow Laws
They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities, with a "separate but equal" status for black Americans and members of other non-white racial groups. Also Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms and restaurants for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated. -
Lynching
Violent punishment or execution, or alleged crimes, yet it was usually towards black people. -
Plessy v. Ferfuson
Plessy v. Ferguson, was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". -
19th Amendment
The 19th amendment is a very important amendment to the constitution as it gave women the right to vote in 1920. -
Civil Disobedience
Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant march to the sea in protest of the British monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil disobedience yet against British rule in India. -
20th Amendment
The 20th amendment is a simple amendment that sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies. -
Federal Housing Authority
Revolutionized home ownership by creating our current financial mortgaging system. In the process, it produced a lending structure which helped to solidify the racial segregation that still exists today. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. -
Hector P. Garcia
García founded the American GI Forum, organizing veterans to fight for educational and medical benefits, and later, against poll taxes and school segregation. -
Nonviolent Protest
Is the practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. -
Brown v. Borad of education
On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously announced an end to public segregation in schools in the famous Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case. -
Rosa Park
It was on December 1, 1955 that Rosa made her famous stand (while sitting) on the bus. The bus driver told Rosa and some other African-Americans to stand up. Rosa refused. The bus driver said he would call the police. Rosa didn't move. Soon the police showed up and Rosa was arrested. She changed the world by defending herself and made an impact with Marther Luther Ling Jr. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S. On December 1, 1955, four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to yield her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
He was arrested during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Was a Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. He was the driving force behind watershed events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington, which helped bring about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
Orville Faubus
The state’s governor, Orval Faubus, refused to let 9 black students attend Little Rock’s Central High School. In 1957, Governor Faubus deployed National Guardsmen to block Supreme Court-ordered school integration. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Originally proposed by Attorney General Herbert Brownell, the Act marked the first occasion since Reconstruction that the federal government undertook significant legislative action to protect civil rights. -
Desegregation
In December 1959, the Supreme Court ruled that the school board must reopen the schools and resume the process of desegregating the city’s schools. It also was in the Brown v. Borad of education and at Little Rock school. -
Gearge Wallace
He served four terms as Alabama governor, from the 1960s through the 1980s, and ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency. Wallace is remembered for his strong support of racial segregation in the '60s. -
Sit-ins
Four African American college students walked up to a whites-only lunch counter at the local Woolworth's store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and asked for coffee. When service was refused, the students sat patiently. Despite threats and intimidation, the students sat quietly and waited to be served. The civil rights sit-in was born. -
Affirmative Action
President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which included a provision that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. -
Cesar Chavez
Union leader and labor organizer Cesar Chavez dedicated his life to improving treatment, pay and working conditions for farm workers. Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. -
Betty Friedan
With her book "The Feminine Mystique," broke new ground by exploring the idea of women finding personal fulfillment outside of their traditional roles. She also helped advance the women’s rights movement as one of the founders of the National Organization for Women. -
Upward Bound
Upward Bound provides fundamental support to participants in their preparation for college entrance. The program provides opportunities for participants to succeed in their precollege performance and ultimately in their higher education pursuits. -
24th Amendment
The 24th amendment was important to the Civil Rights Movement as it ended mandatory poll taxes that prevented many African Americans. The 24th amendment passed, five southern states, Virginia, Alabama, Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi still had poll taxes. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. -
Head Start
In 1964, the Federal Government created a panel of child development experts to design a program to help communities overcome the barriers of young children living in poverty. -
Veteran Rights Act of 1965
aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. -
Lester Maddox
was an American politician who was the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. -
26th Amendment
The long debate over lowering the voting age in America from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War, when young men denied the right to vote were being conscripted to fight for their country. -
Title IX
Signed by President Richard Nixon, he spoke about desegregation busing, which was also a focus of the signed bill, but did not mention the expansion of educational access for women he had enacted.
