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13th Amendment
to the Constitution declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. -
15th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. -
Lynching
Lynching is an extrajudicial punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob, often by hanging, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a minority group -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson, was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of separate but equal. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. -
Orville Faubus
Orval Eugene Faubus was an American politician who served as the Governor of Arkansas, serving from 1955 to 1967. He sent Arkansas National Guards to block african american students -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an African-American Civil Rights activist, whom the United States Congress called the first lady of civil rights and the mother of the freedom movement.. -
Hector P. Garcia
Dr. Hector Garcia Perez was a Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum -
Lester Madox
Lester Garfield Maddox, Sr., was an American politician who was the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971 -
George Wallace
George Corley Wallace, Jr. was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat: 1963–1967, 1971–1979 and 1983–1987. -
19th Amendment
Ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote—a right known as woman suffrage. -
Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan was an American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique -
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez was an American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist, who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., was an American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.. -
20th Amendment
The 20th amendment is a simple amendment that sets the dates at which federal United States government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies. -
Federal Housing Authority
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a seminal event in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was also Congress's show of support for the Supreme Court's Brown decisions. -
Sit-ins
The Greensboro sit-ins at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative action or positive discrimination (known as employment equity in Canada, reservation in India and Nepal, and positive action in the UK) is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture. -
24th Amendment
citizens in some states had to pay a fee to vote in a national election. This fee was called a poll tax. On January 23, 1964, the United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin -
Head Start
The Head Start Program is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. -
26th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. -
Civil Disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. -
Nonviolent Protest
Nonviolent resistance is the practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. -
Desegregation
Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. This is most commonly used in reference to the United States. -
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
Sharecropping is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. -
Upward Bound
Upward Bound is a national program that more than doubles the chances of low-income, first-generation students graduating from college so they can escape poverty and enter the middle class.
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