Unit 12- Task 2

By ericaluisa

  • POLITICAL/LEGAL CHANGES- TAXES

    Road taxes, also known as vehicle excise duty or car tax, have been around for quite some time. In the United Kingdom, road taxes were introduced back in 1888 as a means to fund the construction and maintenance of roads. The system has evolved over the years, with changes in rates, exemptions, and enforcement. Road taxes can have an impact on tourism in a few ways. For travelers visiting a country, road taxes may increase the overall cost of renting a car.

  • INCREASE OF CAR OWNERSHIP- CHANGES IN DEMAND

    The increase in car ownership began to take off in the early to mid-20th century, particularly in the post-World War II period. The 1950s and 1960s saw a significant rise in car ownership as more people gained access to automobiles, leading to changes in transportation habits and lifestyle choices. This era marked the start of a shift towards increased personal mobility and the widespread adoption of cars as a primary mode of transportation for many individuals.

  • ENVIRONMENTAL VERSIONS- AIRPORT EXPANSION

    Airport expansions refer to the projects and developments undertaken to increase the capacity, facilities, and infrastructure of an airport. London Heathrow Airport is one of the busiest airports in the world and has undergone various expansion projects throughout its history. The earliest expansion at Heathrow can be traced back to the 1950s when the airport was first developed.

  • ENVIRONMENTAL VERSIONS- WIDENING OF MOTORWAYS

    The first widening of a motorway took place in the United Kingdom in 1959. The M1 motorway, which connects London to Leeds, was the first motorway to undergo widening to accommodate increased traffic. This was an important milestone in the development of motorways and improving transportation infrastructure.

  • COMMUTING- CHANGES IN DEMAND

    Commuting began to change notably around the mid-20th century, specifically in the 1950s and 1960s. This era marked a significant shift in how people commuted to work, with the development of new transportation options and alterations in commuting habits. In terms of air travel, commercial flying became more accessible and popular during this time, revolutionizing the way people traveled long distances.

  • ENVIRONMENTAL VERSIONS- NOISE POLLUTION

    Noise pollution refers to excessive or disturbing noise that can have negative effects on human health and the environment. London Heathrow Airport has been actively working on noise reduction measures for many years. In fact, the airport has had noise abatement programs in place since the 1960s. These programs include restrictions on nighttime flights, the use of quieter aircraft technologies, and efforts to reduce noise impact on nearby communities.

  • CUSTOMER LIFESTYLES- CHANGES IN DEMAND

    The shift in customer lifestyles towards city breaks in the 1980s was closely tied to changes in demand for more diverse and experiential travel experiences. As people sought quick getaways to vibrant urban destinations, the travel industry adapted to meet this rising demand for short, immersive trips. This change reflected a desire for exploration, cultural immersion, and the opportunity to discover the unique charm of different cities in a short amount of time.

  • POLITICAL/LEGAL CHANGES- PRIVATISATION

    In the UK, privatisation has been a significant part of economic reforms since the 1980s. The Thatcher government implemented a series of privatisation initiatives, including the privatisation of industries such as British Telecom, British Gas, and British Airways. These reforms aimed to increase competition, efficiency, and private sector investment. Since then, there have been further privatisation efforts in various sectors, such as railways, water, and electricity.

  • PRODUCT/SERVICE INNOVATION- OPENING OF THE CHANNEL TUNNEL

    The Channel Tunnel, also known as the Eurotunnel, is an underwater tunnel that connects the United Kingdom (specifically Folkestone, England) with France (specifically Coquelles, near Calais). It's a railway tunnel that runs beneath the English Channel. It allows for direct train travel between the two countries, making it a convenient transportation option for both passengers and freight. The tunnel is about 31 miles long, with the majority of it located under the seabed.

  • POLITICAL/LEGAL CHANGES- AIR PASSENGER DUTY

    Air Passenger Duty (APD) is a tax imposed on passengers traveling by air. It was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1994 as a way to generate revenue for the government. The amount of APD varies depending on the distance traveled and the class of travel. The revenue generated from APD goes into the general fund of the UK government and is used for various purposes, such as funding public services and infrastructure.

  • PRODUCT/SERVICE INNOVATION- BUDGET AIRLINES

    Budget airlines, also known as low-cost carriers, are airlines that offer affordable air travel by charging lower fares and providing fewer amenities compared to traditional airlines. They often focus on point-to-point routes and operate with a no-frills approach. Budget airlines were introduced in the early 2000s and gained popularity for providing cost-effective options for air travel. Some well-known budget airlines include Ryanair and EasyJet.

  • ONLINE CHECK-IN- TECHNOLOGY

    IN 1999 ALASKA AIRLINES WERE THE FIRST AIRLINE TO INTRODUCE ONLINE CHECK-IN!
    Online check-in is a convenient way for travelers to check in for their flights using the airline's website or app. It involves technology by allowing passengers to select their seats, receive digital boarding passes, and sometimes even drop off luggage without having to wait in long lines at the airport.

  • INCOME- CHANGES IN DEMAND

    Income began to have a significant impact on tourism, especially in the late 20th century, around the later part of the 20th century. The increase in income during this time allowed more individuals to afford travel and leisure activities, leading to a surge in tourism globally. This shift in income levels played a crucial role in shaping the tourism industry, making travel more accessible to a wider range of people.

  • ENVIRONMENTAL VERSIONS- PROTEST

    In the UK, one notable protest related to transport is the Fuel Protests that happened in September 2000. During this time, truck drivers and farmers organized blockades and demonstrations across the country to protest against rising fuel prices and high fuel taxes. The protests caused disruptions to transportation, with fuel shortages and long queues at petrol stations. The movement highlighted the concerns of those in the transport industry.

  • POLITICAL/LEGAL CHANGES- CONGESTION CHARGES

    Congestion Charges is a fee that drivers have to pay when entering certain areas of London during peak hours. It's a way to reduce traffic congestion and encourage the use of public transportation. The charge helps to fund improvements in public transportation and promote a more sustainable and efficient city. So, it's like a little toll that helps keep the city flowing smoothly!

  • SMART MOTORWAYS- TECHNOLOGY

    2006 WAS WHEN THE FIRST SMART MOTORWAY SCHEME BEGAN ON THE M42
    Smart motorways involve technology in various ways to enhance traffic management. They use sensors and cameras to monitor traffic flow, control speed limits displayed on overhead signs, and open or close lanes, including the hard shoulder, to optimize traffic flow. The technology helps improve safety and efficiency on the roads by adapting to real-time traffic conditions.

  • POLITICAL/LEGAL CHANGES- EMISSIONS

    In the UK, the introduction of measures to address emissions, such as electric vehicles and stricter emissions standards, has been an ongoing process. The UK government has been actively promoting the use of electric vehicles and implementing policies to reduce emissions from transportation. Initiatives like the Plug-in Car Grant, which provides financial incentives for purchasing electric vehicles, were introduced in 2011.

  • POLITICAL/LEGAL CHANGES- PLANNING REGULATIONS

    Planning regulations can have a significant impact on passenger transport, and one notable example is the HS2 project. HS2, which stands for High Speed 2, it is a planned high-speed railway in the UK. It aims to improve connectivity between major cities and increase capacity for passenger transportation. However, the project has faced various challenges due to planning regulations, including concerns about environmental impact, land acquisition, and community disruption.