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Lynching
blacks were illegally persecuted and hung by mobs of whites -
Civil Disobedience
a public, nonviolent, political act, contrary to law, usually done with the aim of bring about change in the law or policies of the government -
Black codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves. Passed by southern states following the Civil War -
13th amendment
Abolition of slavery: Slavery is not allowed in any state or territory under the government of the U.S.A. -
14th amendment
Civil Rights in the States; All persons born in the United States are subject to its laws and cannot be denied any of the rights and privileges contained in the Constitution. -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
Sharecropping was a system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.
Tenant farming was a system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter -
15th Amendment
Black suffrage: Citizens cannot be denied their right to vote because of their race or color or because they were once slaves -
Plessy v. Ferguson
a landmark constitutional law case of the US supreme court decided in 1986. The decision supported the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites. -
Orval Faubus
He was the governor of Arkansas during the time of the Little Rock Crisis. He attempted to block the integration of the school by using the national guard, leading to a confrontation with the Eisenhower and ultimately integration of the school. -
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery and was arrested. This triggered the national civil rights movement -
Hector P. Garcia
He was a mexican american physician, ww2 veteran, and founder of the American g.i. forum. he helped create equality for mexican by helping mexican veterans file claims with the veteran administration. he purposely chose the name "American G.I. Forum" in order to emphasize the fact the members were american citizens and were entitled to their constitutional rights. -
Lester Maddox
A populist Democrat, He came to prominence as a segregationist. He refused to serve black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, in defiance of the Civil Rights Act -
George Wallace
He was the governor of Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement and a staunch segregationist. He was a popular figure among segregationists -
Betty Friedan
She was an American feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique. Her book brought attention to the feminist movement and she founded the National Organization for Women -
Cesar Chavez
He was a non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. He organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers -
Stokely Carmichael
He was a black activist. A member of CORE. Once the movement was progressing he started to become more militant creating the cry of black power -
Emmett Till
A 14 year old boy who was murdered in Mississippi by 2 white men. His death became a catalyst for the civil rights movement -
CORE
An African american civil rights organization in the united states that played a pivotal role for African americans in the civil rights movement -
Jim Crow Laws
Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas. African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government -
Brown v. Board of Education
a landmark of the US supreme court case in which the courts decision struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional. -
Desegregation
the abolishment of racial segregation, which happened due to the work of Civil Rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
a political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 in Montgomery Alabama. The campaigns intentions were to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. the campaign began with Rosa Parks arrest in 1955 and ended with Browder V Gayle, the ruling that declared Alabama's law requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional -
Little Rock Nine
The little rock nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little rock central high school. Caused by racial segregation in public schools -
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference. a civil rights organization that supported peaceful demonstration. The organization helped influence the government to pass civil right legislation -
Civil Rights act of 1957
a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction. It was proposed by Congress to President Dwight Eisenhower. -
Non-violent Protest
The practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protest, civil disobidiance, economic or political non cooperation -
Sit-ins
A form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move -
Affirmative Action
policy of providing special opportunities for members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination -
Freedom Riders
A group of African a Americans and civil rights activists that attempted to desegregate bus terminals around the country -
Ole Miss Integration
incident where President Kennedy order federal marshals to protect James Meredith as he attempted to become the first African American student at the school -
U of Alabama Integration
When African american students attempted to desegregate the university of Alabama Alabama's new governor flanked by state troopers blocked the door of the enrollment office -
March on Washington
The march was a huge civil rights protest where 200,000 interracial demonstrators met on the Lincoln Memorial. It was here when King made his "I have a dream" speech. The march also pressured the government to pass the Civil Rights Act -
Civil Rights act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places -
Voting Right act of 1965
a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically -
Watts Riots
The first large race riot since the end of World War II. In 1965, in the Watts section of Los Angeles, a riot broke out. This was the result of a white police officer striking a black bystander during a protes. this triggered a week of violence and anger from the resentment blacks felt toward treatment toward them -
Black Panthers
Founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale was the self defense and violence against white people, began the black power movement throughout the 1960s and 1970s -
Martin Luther King Jr.
An american baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and the leader in the civil rights movement. He voted rights act for African Americans -
Title IX (9)
Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity -
Thurgood Marshall
an associate of the US, serving from October 1967 to October 1991. Marshall was the courts 96th justice and its first African american justice.
