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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Founded
Civil Rights: rights for everyone and make everyone equal
- CORE was created by a group of students
- Wanted to use nonviolent actions to achieve change -
Jackie Robinson Hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
Color Line: A barrier that separates whites and nonwhites
- Robinson crossed the barrier when he was hired by the Dodgers
- When he was hired, more teams started to hire blacks -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation: the conflict of a minority race from the dominate race
- There were different types of segregation in the U.S.
- One was de facto segregation and the other was de jure segregation -
First lunch counter sit-in
Jim Crow Laws: Laws that were against blacks civil rights
Sit-ins: Black students sat at lunch counters that refused to serve them because of their race
- African American college students were the first to start this
- Groups of African Americans started to create boycotts against businesses that wouldn't serve blacks -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock Nine: Nine African American students who went to an all white school
- A judge made an act to desegregate schools all over the nation
- Before school started, they had to guard the black students from other students and rioters -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
Thurgood Marshall: lead attorney in the case
- He gave information on how segregation hurts African American children
- The Brown v. Board of Education case was a class action lawsuit. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott: When a group of people do not give service to a company because it did something bad
Rosa Parks: a black woman that didn't give up her seat for a white man
- 90% of African Americans participated in the boycott
- The Supreme Court decided that bus segregation was unconstitutional -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter From a Birmingham Jail
SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- In Birmingham, segregation was everywhere
- Many blacks were arrested for protesting -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson: A case that allowed states to choose what they wanted to do with segregation
- The civil rights act banned the discrimination against people's race, religion, sex, etc.
- President Kennedy supported the act -
Voting Act of 1965
Disenfranchise: not allowing someone to vote
- A campaign was started to allow blacks to vote and it was called Freedom Summer
- The Freedom Summer was very violent. There were shootings, bombings, and beatings. -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission: A group during the Watts Riot that said that said that white racism was the cause of it
Ghettos: a part of a city where one ethnic group lives
- When the National Advisory Commission gave a speech on civil disorders, African Americans didn't think it was enough so they started rioting
- The cause that people first thought started the Watts Riot was a charge of police brutality. -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black Power: Group of activists that were not focused on nonviolent protesting
SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- blacks and the Nation of Islam were influenced by the leaders Malcom X, Huey Newton, and Bobby Steale
-were okay with violence
-wanted to make a change
-developed a 10 point platform to achieve their goals -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Discrimination: the treatment towards different people based on their race, religion, sex, age, etc.
- a law that banned discrimination against someones race, religion, or sex if someone wanted to buy a house
- Before Matin Luther King Jr. died, he wanted to change the way people were discriminated against if they wanted to buy or rent a house or property. -
March on Washington
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- More than 250,000 people participated in the March
- It was considered the biggest political gathering ever in the US -
Swan v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education
Desegregation: ending the separation of of people by race
-school and the black students who are being bussed to the school
-bussing is a way for schools to desegregate -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Affirmation Action: an act for employers to hire minorities
- The reason why the affirmation act was created was because Johnson thought minorities should be given equal opportunities.
- The ways the affirmation act was enforced was very controversial. -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam: a religious group that wanted a completely different society for blacks and whites
Malcom X: A major leader for the Nation of Islam and a lot more
- In the beginning, Malcom X rejected the goals of the civil rights movement
- Malcom X didn't believe in the nonviolence movement to bring change -
Freedom Rides
Civil Disobedience: not to obey certain laws and not pay taxes
- Segregation was illegal in interstate transport
- 7 blacks and 2 whites got on a bus and headed south, and when they reached Alabama one of the buses was set on fire and the passengers were beaten
