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Department Stores (Industrial Power)
A department store is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as "departments". They first opened in 1846 during the industrial era. The department stores changed the way people shopped. There were fixed prices which meant there was no bartering. You also had money back guarantees and free deliveries. People also shopped for the experience and not just the deals that were offered. You would get discounts for buying in bulks. -
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Transforming the West
Homestead Act, Transcontinental Railroad, African Americans (Exodusters), Chinese Exclusion Act, Railroads, Cattle Drives, Killing the Buffalo, Battle of Little Big Horn, American Indian Citizenship Act, Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show -
Homestead Act (West)
This law was signed into effect by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862. The Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of free land. In exchange, homesteaders were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land. The landless farmers, former slaves, and single women took advantage of the act. The Homestead Act led to the distribution of 80 million acres of public land by 1900. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
Laissez Faire, Monopolies, Steel, Oil, Department Stores, Exploitation, Great Uprising 1877, Knights of Labor, Haymarket Riot, Child Labor -
Transcontinental Railroad (West)
The Pacific Railroad Act chartered the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroad Companies, and tasked them with building a transcontinental railroad that would link the United States from east to west. Over the next years, the two companies raced toward each other from California on one side and Nebraska before they met at Promontory, Utah. During the building of the railroads, the companies exploited Chinese and Irish workers. Their pay was bad and they had long working hours. -
Tenements (Gilded)
In the 19th century, more and more people began crowding into America’s cities, including thousands of newly arrived immigrants seeking a better life than the one they had left behind. In New York City–where the population doubled every decade from 1800 to 1880. Known as tenements, these narrow, low-rise apartment buildings–many of them concentrated in the city’s Lower East Side neighborhood–were all too often cramped, poorly lit and lacked indoor plumbing and proper ventilation. -
Knights of Labor (Industrial Power)
The Knights of Labor began as a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia in 1869. The organization grew slowly during the hard years of the 1870s, but worker militancy rose toward the end of the decade, especially after the great railroad strike of 1877. The organization sought after the eight-hour day, abolition of child labor, equal pay for equal work, and political reforms including the graduated income tax. -
Political Machine (Gilded)
Politicians no longer ran in small cities because of urbanization they were running in large cities. They started building political organizations called machines in the early 1900’s to guarantee their success in municipal elections. Machines provided dreadful neighborhoods with new roads and systems and helped immigrants find jobs. They took over much of the politics and were led by a boss that controlled government jobs and services through loyalty and corruption. -
Killing the Buffalo (West)
Millions of wild buffalo once roamed the American West, buffalo populated the continent long before people settled there. Native Americans were connected to the buffalo. They used every part of the buffalo and only killed what they needed. The buffalos were the source of native life. Then hunters would kill the buffalo in large groups, they were not efficient in killing them either. They almost hunted the buffalo to extinction, by the late 1880s there were only a few thousand left. -
Battle of Little Big Horn (West)
In 1876, General Custer and members of several Plains Indian tribes, battled in eastern Montana in what would become known as Custer's Last Stand. George Custer wanted to be known as a hero. He went into battle with the Native Americans and underestimated the size of their forces. Due to this, Custer was slaughtered. However, the media portrayed George Custer as a hero and down-played with error. They did this because they wanted to portray Native Americans as the bad guys. -
Great Uprising (Industrial Power)
It was a series of violent rail strikes across the United States in 1877. That year the country was in the fourth year of a prolonged economic depression after the panic of 1873. The strikes were precipitated by wage cuts announced by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Railway work was already poorly paid and dangerous. Moreover, the railroad companies had taken advantage of the economic troubles to largely break the budding trade unions that had been formed by the workers. -
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Gilded Age
Great Migration, Tenements, Nativism, Settlement Houses, Political Machines, Lifestyle, Farmers Alliance, People's Party, Depression of 1893, Election of 1896 -
African Americans/Exodusters (West)
Exodusters was the name given to the African Americans that migrated from the South to the West. This was the first black migration from former slaves after the Civil War. Some were successful in their life out West, however some settled on bad land and lacked money. Because of this many will relocate back to the South due being unsuccessful in the West. Other African Americans will continue to move further West. -
Frances Willard (Progressive)
Frances Willard was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. She was a leader in the Temperance Movement, whose aim was to curb or eliminate alcohol consumption in the country. Willard became the national president of Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1879, and remained president until her death in 1898. Later, the the WCTU also willingly took on women`s suffrage as a cause -
Nativism (Gilded)
Many nativists—Americans—claimed that the newly arriving southern and eastern European immigrants would not be able to assimilate into American society. They saw these immigrants as illiterate and poor, unable to learn English and with little experience living in a democratic society. Many nativists joined the American Protective Association to lobby for immigration restrictions.Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. -
Lifestyle (Gilded Age)
The years between 1877 and 1900 were a soul-searching time for Americans, as they examined the basic values they lived by. Middle-class white women became interested in social causes such as helping the urban poor, promoting temperance or prohibition of alcohol, and winning suffrage, or the right to vote, for themselves. Racial tensions worsened in the South. Millions of immigrants arrived in the United States. Since the work hours and pay got better, people had more free time. -
Child Labor (Industrial)
Child labor reached new extremes during the Industrial Revolution. Children often worked long hours in dangerous factory conditions for very little money. Children were useful as laborers because their size allowed them to move in small spaces in factories or mines where adults couldn’t fit, children were easier to manage and control and perhaps most importantly, children could be paid less than adults. Child laborers often worked to help support their families, but didnt have an education. -
Booker T. Washingston (Progressive)
Born a slave on a Virginia farm. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute, a black school in Alabama devoted to training teachers. He served as an adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Although Washington clashed with other black leaders such as W.E.B. DuBois and for his seeming acceptance of segregation, he is recognized for his educational advancements and attempts to promote economic self-reliance among African Americans. -
Chinese Exclusion Act (West)
In 1882, President Chester A. Arthur signed the federal law that banned further Chinese immigration into the U.S. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first law implemented to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the United States. Chinese immigrants faced racism and violence in the United States because white workers believed the Chinese were 'stealing' jobs from Americans. The Chinese Exclusion Act was meant to last 10 years however it was not repealed until 1943. -
Railroads (West)
During this era, the United States was working on connected all parts of the U.S. together by building more railroads. The new tracks opened new transportation networks. It also opened new lands for farming, and the farmers sold their products on the national market now that they can transport their products across the country. As a result of the new railroad lines, operators needed a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals, time zones for the were introduced on 1883. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (West)
William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody opened Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show on May 19, 1883 at Omaha, Nebraska. During the next four years, Cody performed his show all around the nation to appreciative crowds often numbering 20,000 people. The show dealt with Indian fights, cowboys, and cattle drives, lassoing, and marksmanships. The show featured many former cowboys, sharpshooters, and even Indians. Many Americans today get their view of the west through this show. -
Cattle Drives (West)
The popular meat on American dinner tables at the current time was beef. It came from longhorns which is a mixture between Spanish & English cows. The cost of the longhorns was $40 per animal in the North but only $4 in the South. Thus, cowboys did cattle drives to the North to sell their animals for more profit. However, the cattle drives only lasts 20 years because the beef prices started dropping, people began fencing their property with barbed wire, and there were now railroads in Texas. -
Haymarket Riot (Industrial Power)
On May 4, 1886, a labor protest rally near Chicago’s Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day. Despite a lack of evidence against them, eight radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing. The Haymarket Riot was viewed a setback for the organized labor movement in America, which was fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday. -
Settlement Houses (Gilded)
The first settlement house began in 1889 in Chicago and was called Hull House. The purpose for settlement houses were to teach immigrants skills to live in America like; cooking, sewing, hygiene, civics, and english. Its organizer, Jane Addams, intended Hull House to serve as a prototype for other settlement houses. By 1900 there were nearly 100 settlement houses in the nation's cities. Jane Addams was considered the founder of a new profession — social work. -
Laissez-Faire (Industrial Power)
During the industrialization era, the government did not intervene too much with the corporations, this is called laissez-faire. It's an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation and tariffs. Following the Civil War, the movement towards a mixed economy accelerated.Government regulation of the economy expanded the with the Sherman Anti-trust Act. -
Monopolies (Industrial Power)
A monopoly is when a few or one powerful individual is controlling a sector of the economy. The first monopolies were the railroad industry, later they were in the oil and steel industries. When you had a monopoly you could control the price of the product with no competition. The first steps the government took to control monopolies were to pass the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. However, the business leaders would find loopholes like trusts and holding companies -
Exploitation of employees (Industrial Power)
The workers in America had harsh conditions. The jobs were mainly for unskilled labor and they worked 12 hours a day for 6 days a week. The workers had strict rules placed on them, they were expected to work in silence. A new aspect to jobs were foremen/managers. They were the people in charge and enforced workplace rules. If workers didn't comply with the rules it resulted in fines or termination of job. The employees could also get blacklisted. If they are on the blacklist they wouldn't be hir -
Farmer's Alliance (Gilded)
The years after the Civil War brought hardship to Southern farmers as their economic mainstay, cotton, steadily dropped in price. The Farmers Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in 1875. Their goals were to negotiate higher crop prices, better loan rates, and insurance. The Farmer's Alliance became political to fight against monopolies, they won big in 1890. -
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Imperialism
Spanish American War, Teddy Roosevelt (Big Stick), Russo-Japanese War, President Mckinley, Platt Amendment, Panama Canal, Treaty of Paris 1898, Henry Cabot Lodge, William Randolph Hearst, Open Door Policy -
People's Party (Gilded)
In 1891, the People’s Party, also known as the Populist Party, or Populists, was formed as a political party representing the interests of the nation’s agricultural sector. The Farmer’s Alliance was a major part of the Populist coalition. The populist party fought against corruption and greed. They were also against elimination of monopolies, for coinage of silver and graduated income tax. The Democrats and Republicans both attacked populists. As a party they did not perform well nationally. -
Steel (Industrial Power)
Steel was the building block of industrial America. It was used to create many buildings in America. However, it was not possible without Andrew Carnegie. Although he did not invent steel, he was the first person to invest in the Bessemer Process. The Bessemer Process is the mass production of strong steel and it caused steel prices to lower. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to become a monopoly. -
Oil (Industrial Power)
The oil industry was mostly controlled by one man; John D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller controlled 90% of domestic oil, he used horizontal integration for his company to become a monopoly. This is when companies buy out their competition. Rockefeller had 40 companies in his trusts. When the Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed in 1890, Rockefeller invented holding companies as a loophole. Holding companies replaced trusts in 1890s and were shielded from the Sherman Anti-Trust. -
The Depression of 1893 (Gilded)
The Panic of 1893 had many causes, both long term and short term. The long term causes mainly involved railroads and the currency. Railroads were spreading rapidly throughout the U.S. Many big companies, including private ones, sponsored the building of new tracks anywhere possible. The U.S. had become linked because of the spreading railroads. In fact, the railroads were spreading so quickly that they proved to hurt the United States and cause a four year depression. -
Henry Cabot Lodge (Imperialism)
Henry Cabot Lodge began his political career in 1880 when he was elected to the Massachusetts legislature for a single term. In 1893, Henry Cabot Lodge entered the Senate, where he would remain for the remainder of his life. His support of a strong navy resulted in a close relationship with Theodore Roosevelt, but the two would later differ over domestic matters. Lodge was an advocate for American action against Spain in 1898 and later for the acquisition of the Philippines. -
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Progressive Era
Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Ford, Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, Plessy v. Ferguson, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, Frances Willard, Election of 1918, Carrie A. Nation -
Election of 1896 (Gilded)
The United States presidential election of November 3, 1896, saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history. McKinley forged a coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers and prosperous farmers were heavily represented. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. -
Plessy v. Ferguson (Progressive)
The case came from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks. Rejecting Plessy’s argument that his constitutional rights were violated, the Supreme Court ruled that segregations does not conflict with the 13th and 14th Amendments. Restrictive “Jim Crow” legislation and separate public accommodations based on race were encouraged after the Plessy decision. -
Spanish-American War (Imperialism)
The Spanish-American War was a conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.The war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in Feb. 1895. By the Treaty of Paris, Spain renounced all claim to Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and transferred sovereignty over the Philippines to the United States for $20,000,000. -
Treaty of Paris (Imperialism)
In France, the Treaty of Paris is signed, formally ending the Spanish-American War and granting the United States its first overseas empire.The Spanish-American War had its origins in the rebellion against Spanish rule that began in Cuba in 1895.On December 10, the Treaty of Paris officially ended the Spanish-American War. The Spanish empire was dissolved as the United States took over much of Spain’s overseas holdings. Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the United States. -
William Randolph Hearst (Imperialism)
Publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) built his media empire after inheriting the San Francisco Examiner from his father. He challenged New York World publisher Joseph Pulitzer by buying the rival New York Journal, earning attention for his “yellow journalism.” Yellow journalism and the yellow press are American terms for journalism and associated newspapers that present little or no legitimate well-researched news while instead using eye-catching headlines for increased sales. -
Open Door Policy (Imperialism)
In 1899, John Hay, the Secretary of State under President McKinley, proposed an Open Door Policy towards China for all countries. The Open Door Policy was an American solution to the maneuvering among all countries to secure China. It basically said the best way to avoid a conflict over China was to keep it an open market for all. It was in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. -
Carrie A. Nation
Carry Nation was a famous leader and activist before women could vote in America. She believed that drunkenness was the cause of many problems in society. Nation fought with fierce and witty words to make her case that people should not drink alcohol or use tobacco. She gained national attention when she started using violence. Though she was beaten and jailed many times for “smashing” saloons. Her crusade against drinking contributed to the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment. -
Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive)
The 26th president of the U.S, was born in a wealthy family, people called him "Teddie", "Teddy", or "TR". In 1886, Roosevelt ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City. In 1895, Roosevelt became president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners, and in 1897 William McKinley named him as assistant secretary of the U.S. Navy. the Spanish-American War in 1898, Roosevelt left his post as naval secretary to become colonel of the “Rough Riders.” the Teddy Bear is named after him. -
The Platt Amendment (Imperialism)
The Platt Amendment was an attachment to military appropriations bill in 1901. It reflected growing U.S. concern over the stability of Cuba following its independence form Spain after the Spanish-American War. It stated that US would end its military occupation of Cuba and "leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people.The Platt Amendment laid down eight conditions to which the Cuban Government had to agree before the withdrawal of U.S. forces. -
Panama Canal (Imperialism)
Following the failure of a French construction team in the 1880s, the United States commenced building a canal across a 50-mile stretch of the Panama isthmus in 1904. Following the deliberations of the U.S. Isthmian Canal Commission and a push from President Theodore Roosevelt, the U.S. purchased the French assets in the canal zone for $40 million in 1902. Opened in 1914, oversight of the world-famous Panama Canal was transferred from the U.S. to Panama in 1999. -
W.E.B DuBois (Progressive)
William Edward Burghardt “W. E. B.” Du Bois was a leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist. Educated at Harvard University and other top schools, Du Bois studied with some of the most important social thinkers of his time. He was a founding officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Dubois also taught at Wilberforce University and Atlanta University, and chaired the Peace Information Center. -
Russo-Japanese War (Imperialism)
Military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East.Theodore Roosevelt mediated a peace treaty at New Hampshire. (He was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for this achievement).Japan emerged from the conflict as the first modern non-Western world power and set its sights on greater imperial expansion. However, for Russia, its military’s disastrous performance in the war was one of the immediate causes of the Russian Revolution of 1905. -
Meat Inspection Act (Progressive
The meat inspection act is a law that makes it a crime to misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food. It also ensures that meat products and meat are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. The purpose of the act is to prevent health hazards such as pathogens chemical contaminants in meat. Theodore Roosevelt supported the meat inspection act and signed it. The act meant that the preparation of meat shipped over states would be inspected throughout the process. -
Pure Food and Drug Act (Progressive)
The Pure Food and Drug Act was an act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes. The Pure Food and Drug Act was signed by Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act. It was a law passed in order to remove harmful foods and drugs from the market and regulate the manufacture and sale of drugs and food involved in trade. -
Henry Ford (Progressive)
Henry Ford was part of an industry and was the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of mass production. Furthermore, he was an auto mobile manufacturer who created the Ford car and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production. Although automobiles had already existed, they were still mostly scarce and expensive. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head. He also became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. -
Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy (Imperialism)
While President McKinley ushered in the era of the American empire through military strength and economic coercion, his successor, Theodore Roosevelt, established a new foreign policy approach, allegedly based on a favorite African proverb, “speak softly, and carry a big stick, and you will go far.” Roosevelt believed that in light of the country’s recent military successes, it was unnecessary to use force to achieve foreign policy goals, so long as the military could threaten force. -
Election of 1912 (Progressive)
In this election, the Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, which he gave a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. On the other hand, the Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New Nationalism" program. With the split between Taft and Roosevelt, the Republican vote was split and a Democratic victory was ensured. Woodrow Wilson won the election, and the Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years. -
President Woodrow Wilson (WW1)
Woodrow Wilson, the 28th U.S. president led America through World War I (1914-1918). Wilson tried to keep the United States neutral during World War I but ultimately called on Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917. After the war, he helped negotiate a peace treaty that included a plan for the League of Nations. Wilson's foreign policy was noted for its idealistic humanitarianism; his Fourteen Points a statement of national objectives that envisioned a new international order after WW1 -
Central Powers (WW1)
Central Powers, World War I coalition that consisted primarily of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, the “central” European states that were at war from August 1914 against France and Britain on the Western Front and against Russia on the Eastern Front. The Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Central Powers on October 29, 1914. Bulgaria came in on October 14, 1915. -
Trench Warfare (WW1)
Trench warfare, warfare in which opposing armed forces attack, counterattack, and defend from relatively permanent systems of trenches dug into the ground. The opposing systems of trenches are usually close to one another. Trench warfare is resorted to when the superior firepower of the defense compels the opposing forces to “dig in” so extensively as to sacrifice their mobility in order to gain protection. The land between opposite trenches was known as "No Mans Land" -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (WW1)
In an event that is widely acknowledged to have sparked the outbreak of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand,heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is shot to death along with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on this day in 1914. The assassination of Franz-Ferdinand and Sophie set off a rapid chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many in countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification -
European Allies (WW1)
By 1914, the six major powers of Europe were split into two alliances that would form the two warring sides in World War I. Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente, while Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy joined in the Triple Alliance. These alliances were not the sole cause of World War I, as some historians have contended, but they did play an important role in hastening Europe's rush to conflict. -
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World War 1
Archduke Frnaz Ferdinand, European Alliances, Central Powers, 19th Amendment, Espionage Act/Sedition Act, President Woodrow Wilson, Trench Warfare, Spanish Flu, Treaty of Versailles, Fall of Ottoman Empire -
Great Migration (Gilded)
The Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from about 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers that first arose during WW1. African Americans began to build a new place for themselves in public life, confronting racial prejudice and more. -
Women's Suffrage "19th Amendment" (WW1)
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1917, America entered World War I, and women aided the war effort in various capacities that helped break down most of the remaining opposition to woman suffrage. By 1918, women had acquired equal suffrage with men in 15 states. -
Espionage Act/ Sedition Act (WW1)
In 1917, after America’s entrance into World War I against Germany, the United States Congress passes the Espionage Act. Which made it a crime for any person to convey information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country’s enemies. Reinforced by the Sedition Act of the next year, which imposed similarly harsh penalties on anyone found guilty of making false statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war. -
Spanish Flu (WW1)
The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, the deadliest in history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide and killed an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims, including some 675,000 Americans. The 1918 flu was first observed in Europe, the United States and parts of Asia before swiftly spreading around the world. Despite the fact that the 1918 flu wasn’t isolated to one place, it became known around the world as the Spanish flu, as Spain was hit hard by the disease -
Treaty of Versailles (WW1)
World War I officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany, its 15 parts and 440 articles reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations. Germany agreed to pay reparations under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan, but those plans were cancelled in 1932, and Hitler’s rise to power and subsequent actions rendered moot the remaining terms of the treaty. -
Harlem Renaissance (1920s)
The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as a black cultural mecca in the early 20th Century and the subsequent social and artistic explosion that resulted. The period is considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and art. It was an era in which social and political organizations were formed. Famous figures of this era include Langston Hughes, Ella Fitzgerald, and Josephine Baker. -
Marcus Garvey (1920s)
Born in Jamaica, Marcus Garvey became a leader in the black nationalist movement with his organization the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). He sought to end imperialist rule and create modern societies in Africa, not just to transport blacks ‘back to Africa.’ Indicted for mail fraud by the U.S. in 1923, he spent two years in prison before being deported to Jamaica, and later died Garvey's movement was the first black attempt to join modern urban goals and mass organization. -
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1920s
Cars, Fundamentalism, Charles Lindberg, Temperance Movement, First Red Scare, Scopes Monkey Trial, Ku Klux Klan, Marcus Garvey, 19th Amendment, Harlem Renaissance -
19th Amendment (1920s)
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of protest. Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of woman suffrage supporters. Few early supporters lived to see final victory in 1920. The 19th amendment only applied to white woman being able to vote. -
Temperance Movement (1920s)
The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution–which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors is a period in American history known as Prohibition.Temperance societies were a common fixture in communities across the United States. Women played a strong role in the temperance movement, as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and marriages. Prohibition was difficult to enforce, the increase of the illegal production and sale of liquor known as bootlegging -
American Communism (Great Depression)
Established in 1919, the party played a prominent role in the labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, with its membership increasing during the Great Depression. During the Great Depression, many Americans became disillusioned with capitalism and some found communist ideology appealing. Others were attracted by the visible activism of American Communists on behalf of a wide range of social and economic causes, including the rights of African Americans, workers and the unemployed. -
First Red Scare (1920s)
As World War I was ending a fear-driven, anti-communist movement known as the First Red Scare began to spread across the United States of America. In 1917 Russia had undergone the Bolshevik Revolution. The Bolsheviks established a communist government. Many Americans became afraid that communism might spread to the United States and threaten the nation's democratic values. They used acts passed during the war, such as the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act, to prosecute suspected communists. -
Fall of the Ottoman Empire (WW1)
At the start of World War I, the Ottoman Empire was already in decline. The Ottoman Turks entered the war in 1914 on the side of the Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary) and were defeated in 1918. Under a treaty agreement, most Ottoman territories were divided between Britain, France, Greece and Russia.
The Ottoman empire officially ended in 1922 when the title of Ottoman Sultan was eliminated. Turkey was declared a republic in 1923. -
Cars (1920s)
In the 1920s, cars become cheaper to purchase which is why the car ownership explodes in America. Ford’s mass production techniques were quickly adopted by other American automobile manufacturers. By 1927, the cost of a Ford Model T was $290 per car. It was installment sales of automobiles during the twenties that established the purchasing of expensive consumer goods on credit as a middle-class habit and a mainstay of the American economy. -
American Indian Citenzenship Act (West)
On June 2, 1924, Congress granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. The law was signed by President Calvin Coolidge. Yet even after the Indian Citizenship Act, some Native Americans weren't allowed to vote because the right to vote was governed by state law. The Native Americans wont have the right to vote fully until the 1940s. -
Scopes Monkey Trial (1920s)
In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called “Monkey Trial” begins with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law. The law, which had been passed in March, made it a misdemeanor punishable by fine to teach the theory of evolution instead of God being the creator of humans. Clarence Darrow was the defending Scopes in the trial.The whole trial cause a media spectacle. However, on the day of the trial Scopes was found guilty. -
The Ku Klux Klan (1920s)
In 1915, white Protestant nativists organized a revival of the Ku Klux Klan near Atlanta, Georgia. The organization took as its symbol a burning cross and held rallies, parades and marches around the country. At its peak in the 1920s, Klan membership exceeded 4 million people nationwide. Lynchings and burnings were a regular occurrence during this time period. The whites were upset over the Great Migration. Which caused them to assault black communities and other minorities like Jews, etc. -
Fundamentalism (1920s)
Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that indicates unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs. Fundamentalism is when people use the Bible as the literal account of history and morality. They were against darwinism and evolution. The World Christian Fundamentals Association even wanted it banned from being taught at school. And in Tennessee, the banning of evolution was achieved in 1925. -
Charles Lindbergh (1920s)
Charles Lindbergh was an American aviator who rose to international fame in 1927 after becoming the first person to fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean in his monoplane, Spirit of St. Louis. Five years later, Lindbergh’s toddler son was kidnapped and murdered in what many called “the crime of the century.” In the lead-up to World War II, Lindbergh was an outspoken isolationist, opposing American aid to Great Britain in the fight against Nazi Germany. -
The Crash (Great Depression)
The Stock Market Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday hit Wall Street, a stock market company, when investors traded 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in one day. The company lost billions of dollars, which hurt thousands of investors. This would be one of the factors that causes the Great Depression of 1929. During the early 1920's, stock markets went a great expansion, but during September and October of 1929, it known as the start of the Great Depression. -
Herbert Hoover (Great Depression)
America’s 31st president, took office in 1929, the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression. Hoover’s response to the crisis was constrained by his conservative political philosophy. He believed in a limited role for government. Many people blamed Hoover as a cause of the Depression. The Depression worsened throughout Hoover’s term in office. As a result, Hoover was soundly defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
Herbert Hoover, The Crash, Election of 1932, The New Deal, The Dust Bowl, Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Communism, 21st Amendment, Bank Holiday -
The Dust Bowl (Great Depression)
The Dust Bowl was a drought that occurred in the Southern Plains of the United States which had also brought about several dust storms during the 1930's. Areas from Texas to Nebraska had people and livestock die because of crop failure throughout the region. This disaster also made the already severe Great Depression worse, as it forced farmers and farm families to move North for a chance to find work. The Dust Bowl was actually caused by the increased demand for wheat, which caused more plowing -
Election of 1932 (Great Depression)
It was between Republican Herbert Hoover, and Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. Hoover's blame for the bonus march basically sealed his fate. He was very "anti-social" towards the people unlike his opponent Roosevelt. F.D.R. runs a conservative campaign and wins very overwhelmingly. Also he is the 5th cousin of Teddy, and he was very liked and favored, elected 4 times. Roosevelt’s victory would be the first of five successive Democratic presidential wins. -
Eleanor Roosevelt (Great Depression)
Eleanor Roosevelt was Franklin D. Roosevelt's wife and a New Deal supporter. Lady Roosevelt initially did not want to be First Lady as she thought it would take away some of independence. She eventually became a spokeswoman. She was a great supporter of civil rights and also supported birth control and better conditions for working women. Eleanor Roosevelt was the first modern FLOTUS, she also one of the most outspoken ones. Eleanor Roosevelt was an activist for all people's rights and equality. -
Franklin D Roosevelt (Great Depression)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president in 1932. He immediately embarked on an plan to get the country out of the Great Depression. His signature domestic legislation, the New Deal, expanded the role of the federal government in the nation’s economy in an effort to address the challenges of the Great Depression. He was elected to the presidency four times, serving from March 1933 until his death in office in April 1945. FDR contracted polio at the age of 39, however he hid his disease. -
The New Deal (Great Depression)
This was put in process to serve against the depression. It lasted from 1933-1938. The government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. More than that, Roosevelt’s New Deal permanently changed the federal government’s relationship to the U.S. populace.F.D.R.promised that he would act swiftly to face the “dark realities of the moment” -
21st Amendment (Great Depression)
The amendment was based on the recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime. The amendment repeals the 18th Amendment. "The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed." After this amendment, state and local prohibition no longer required by law. As a result, crime was reduced, more jobs, Americans were less healthy, corruption and more revenue were made since taxes were placed on beer. -
Hitler (WW2)
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany’s Nazi Party, was one of the most powerful and notorious. He took absolute power of Germany in 1933. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 led to the outbreak of World War II, and by 1941 Nazi forces had occupied much of Europe. During Hitler's time in prison for treason he wrote his famed book "Mein Kampf" In it, Hitler expanded on the nationalistic and laid out plans for the Germany and the world he sought to create when he came to power. -
Bank Holiday (Great Depression)
In days past, depositing money in a savings account carried a degree of risk. If a bank made bad investments and was forced to close, individuals who did not withdraw their money fast enough found themselves out of luck. Roosevelt, unlike Hoover, was quick to act. Two days after taking the office, Roosevelt declared a "Bank Holiday." From March 6 to March 10, banking transactions were suspended across the nation except for making change. During the holiday bad banks would be forced to close. -
National Socialists-German Workers Party (NAZI) (WW2)
The National Socialist-German Workers’ Party, or more commonly known as the Nazi Party, was under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. This party grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945. It was founded in 1919 as the German Workers’ Party, it promoted German pride and antiSemitism. After Germany’s defeat in WWII, the Nazi Party was outlawed. Many of its top officials were convicted of war crimes related to the murder of 6 million Jews during this time. -
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World War 2
Hitler, Invasion of Poland, Dunkirk, The Holocaust, Nation Socialists-German Workers (NAZI), Pearl Harbor, Navajo Code Talkers, Atomic Bomb, D-Day, Harry Truman -
Invasion of Poland (WW2)
In 1939, some 1.5 million German troops invade Poland all along its border with German-controlled territory. Simultaneously, the German bombed Polish airfields, and German warships attacked Polish naval forces. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler claimed the massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France were not convinced. On September 3, they declared war on Germany, initiating World War II. Poland remained under German occupation until January 1945. -
The Holocaust (WW2)
The mass murder of some 6 million European Jews (as well as other groups targeted) by the German Nazi during the World War 2. To Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, a threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler’s “final solution”–now known as the Holocaust–came to action under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland. -
Dunkirk (WW2)
The event that occurred in Dunkirk is considered to be one of the greatest maritime evacuations in history. As the German Army advanced through northern France during the beginnings of World War II, it cut off British troops from their French allies, forcing an enormous evacuation of soldiers across the North Sea from the town of Dunkirk to England. The Allied armies were trapped by the sea and were quickly being encircled on all sides by the Germans. -
Pearl Harbor (WW2)
Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, and was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. Hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage American military equipment. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. -
Navajo Code Talkers (WW2)
The secret Navajo code language had played a vital role in the American war effort. The Navajo troops who learned a secret, unbreakable code language that was used to send information on tactics, troop movements and orders over the radio and telephone.
The code was indecipherable to the enemy and a key factor in the American military victories at major battles in the Pacific theater. In simulated battles, the Navajo code proved much faster than the encrypting machines being used at the time. -
D-Day (WW2)
This day (known as the turning point of the World War II) was the long-promised invasion of France. The invasion was led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower with over a million troops going to the beaches at Normandy crossing the English Channel began the process of re-taking France. With 6,000 landing craft, ships and other vessels carrying 176,000 troops. By the end of June, the Allies had 850,000 men and 150,000 vehicles in Normandy and were grateful to continue their march across Europe. -
President Harry Truman (WW2)
Harry Truman, the 33rd U.S. president, assumed office following the death of President Franklin Roosevelt in 1945. In the White House from 1945 to 1953, Truman made the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan, helped rebuild postwar Europe, worked to contain communism. His policy of communist containment started the Cold War, and he initiated U.S. involvement in the Korean War. Truman left office in 1953 and died in 1972. -
Atomic Bomb (WW2)
On August 6, 1945, during WW2 an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in WW2 in a radio address on August 15 -
President Mckinley (Imperialism)
The Republican McKinley won a landslide victory over Democrat William Jennings Bryan to become the 25th president of the United States. 1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the conflict ended with the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.McKinley’s bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs. Reelected in 1900, McKinley was assassinated, in September 1901.
