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Period: 1500 to
Early Christian Practices
-Advocacy for individuals with disabilities resulted in acts of healing (mental/physical disabilities) and exorcism (emotional/behavioral)
-Concerns for universal education led to categorization of individuals with disabilaties as "idiot." -
Elizabeth Farrell: The first Special Education Administrator
William Maxwell appoints Elizabeth Farrell as special education administrator within the New York School System building for which she was a teacher. Administrative functions included: classroom supervision/organization, oversight of admission, review and dismissal of students to the program, and approval of teachers assigned to ungraded classes. -
From Stanford-Binet to formal administrative practices
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed a measure of the intellectual potential and ability of individuals. It was later revised and used to develop programs to address varying levels of determined intelligence.
Individuals considered to be unfit were placed into institutions or facilities.
Administrators were formally assigned to manage and operate these institutions. -
P.L. 85-926
The federal government provides support for leadership preparation programs in special education and expands benefits for training available for all areas of disability. -
The 1960's: School Administration textbooks include "handicapped youth"
The first handbook dealing with special education administration and training is developed in the 1960's. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Equal access to education -
University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA)
Created to improve preparation programs for special education administrators -
GSEAC
General-Special Education Administration Consortium
Special education moving toward greater integration of education in general. Training and practice of special and general education professors, students and practitioners is needed in collaboration. -
EAHCA (P.L. 94-142)
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Requirements linked general and special education responsibilities. -
UNIFORM STANDARDS FOR LEADERSHIP
The Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), published Standards for School Leaders in which six standards of professional excellence were recommended to ensure quality and consistency across leadership preparation programs. -
Period: to
Special Education Administration Employment increases dramatically
14,998 fully licensed special education administrators were employed in the 1996-97 school year. An additional 230 funded positions remained unfilled that year. -
IDEA
Amendments to IDEA in 1997 encouraged and reinforced accountability and greater collaboration between general and special education to improve public education for children with disabilities. -
No Child Left Behind
The Standards Movement- Administrators must change their approach to align with the standards based accountability practices of No Child Left Behind. (Formerly known as ESEA) link text -
Decline in Leadership predicted
The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (USBLS, 1996-1997) predicts that the need for school administrators will increase by 10 to 20% through 2005. Further, the National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP) estimates that approximately 40% of the country's 93,200 principals will retire by 2008 (Doud & Keller, 1998). Link text -
IDEA and RTI
re authorization of IDEA allowed identification of students termed Response to Intervention (RTI). There is confusion in this area of responsibility as RTI is a general education process that often falls under the special education administrator's responsibility. -
Human Relations and disbtributed leadership are key
School administrator preparation programs today emphasize the skills needed to work effectively with people as well as the ability to lead and manage well.
Those who are able to comfortably share leadership functions make the best leaders. -
Standardized Instruction: a modern challenge
Policies (federal, state, or district) that say that standardized instruction and curriculum are equal create tension, especially as they conflict with personal values and ideas of fairness. link text -
Doing More with Less
Retired administrators with a wealth of experience report that future administration will be tasked with the responsibility of "doing more with less" Link text -
Professional Development Opportunities to Prepare Leaders
The PAIU annual conference will be held this year May 19, 2019
Link text Modern role of Special Education Leadership
