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469 BCE
Socrates - (469-399 BC)
"The Art of Measurement"
According to Socrates, "no one commits an evil act knowingly and doing wrong rises out of ignorance." A moral evil is only committed when a person is lacking moral knowledge, but a person may commit a moral evil even though he has moral knowledge when quenching a particular hidden desire. -
428 BCE
Plato - (428-348 BC)
According to Plato, "it is only by being virtuous that we can hope to be happy." This means that, our happiness shouldn't rely on a tangible/material thing, for it can always change. Therefore, we should always stick by our values/virtues for it will bring out goodness and happiness in our lives. -
384 BCE
Aristotle - (384-322 BC)
"The Golden Mean Principle"
Everything in our life should be in proportion, in order of us being happy. Just like that, our actions that regulate our emotions should be in moderation, too. If one is to be decisive in making decisions, he must use his reasons or seek assistance or support from that reason. -
Moral Positivism
Human beings and nations are naturally selfish, they are in a ceaseless battle for power and health. Thus, chaotic outcomes if laws are not abided is to be highly anticipated. Thomas Hobbes believes that the creation of laws and the obedience of its subjects are important in the order and maintenance of peace in countries. -
Utilitarianism
"Do whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number"
Utilitarianism argues that an act is right if it makes good consequences, if it makes one successful, if it gives good results, and if it makes you attain your purpose. The effects or consequences determine the goodness or badness of an act, regardless of what your motive for that action is.