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Common Schools
The founder of Common Schools is Horace Man. He was elected to be Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education." The Father of the Common School Movement." He would spread the idea of common schools to the nation. The idea of the movement was to ensure that every child could receive an education funded by local taxes. To educate the upcoming workforce and to have raise the economy. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was a legal case held by the Supreme Court to uphold the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. The case was formed by an African American train passenger. His name was Homer Plessy. He refused to sit in the coach car for African Americans. He was later thrown in jail and wanted to court to fight for his 13th amendment. That Louisiana's segregation law was being violated. -
Brown V. The Board of Education
Brown V. Board of Education started with a student named Linda Brown. She had to travel one mile to attend a none-white school. Her family tried to enroll her in a nearby white school. She was denied, including 13 other African American families. The families sued the board of education. The U.S Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed by President Lyndon Johnson. The idea of this act was to improve educational opportunities for disadvantaged children. As mandated in the act, funds are authorized for professional development, instructional materials, resources to support educational programs, and the promotion of parental involvement. This offered new grants to districts serving low-income students. -
Title IX
Title IX is a federal law to ensure the protection of all students. The U.S Department of Education confirms Title IX protects students from discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Title IX was a follow-up to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. To end all discrimination such as race, color, religion, and sex. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
The Education for all Handicapped Children Act is a federal law. It requires all public schools to provide appropriate educational services for all children with disabilities. For the ages between 3 to 21. This policy assures all handicapped children the right to a free appropriate public education. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
This Act was created by President Gerald Ford who signed into the law. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act supports states and localities in protecting the rights of, meeting the individuals' needs, and improving the results for infants, toddlers, and children. All children with disabilities are entitled to a free apporiate public education. To meet their needs and prepare them for futher education, employment and independent living. -
Plyer V. Doe
Plyer V Doe case withheld undocumented immigrant children to attend from public schools. The undocumented children had to pay for their education, unlike other children. Four undocumented immigrant families filed a class-action suit against a Texas school district. The U.S Supreme Court's ruling was public schools could not charge illegal immigrants for public education. -
Miranda V. Arizona
In Miranda V. Arizona, the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects before police questioning. This case started with Ernesto Miranda. After the police interrogations, he confessed to rape and kidnapping. He wasn't properly informed of his rights. The Supreme Court agreed, holding that police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning. -
Hazelwood V. Kuhlmeier
In Hazelwood School District V. Kulmeier, the Supreme Court held that schools are allowed to restrict what is published in students' newspapers. The was started by a school principal of Hazelwood East High School who edited two articles in the school paper. The students presented the argument that this violated their First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The U.S Supreme Court held the principal's actions didn't violate the student's freedom of speech rights. -
Sabta Fe Independent School District V. Doe
The Supreme Court ruled that a Texas school board policy that allowed “student-led, student-initiated prayer” before varsity high-school football games was a violation of the First Amendment. This initially started in 1995 various religion-related activities at Santa Fe High School in Texas. The person who filled this case was anonymous to be protected. -
No Child Left Behind Act
The No Child Left Behind Act authorizes several federal education programs that are set by the states. President George W. Bush signed into the law. The main idead is to close student achievement gaps. By providing all children with a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education.