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Period: 1509 to 1547
The reign of Henry VIII
Born in 1491, son of Henry VII( First Tudor king of England) and Elizabeth of York. Henry married six times in his quest for a male heir, political alliances and marital bliss. Upon King Henry VII’s death in 1509, Henry VIII took the crown at age 17. He presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. He died in 1547. -
Oct 31, 1517
Ninety-five Theses written by Martin Luther (German monk)
The document that sparked the Protestant Reformation = It marked the start of the European Reformation. For him, salvation was free and one did not have to PAY anything to obtain it. (cf: criticism of papal policy : Indulgences / Purgatory etc.) -
Jan 3, 1521
Excommunication of Martin Luther
1520: The Pope Leo X had had enough and on June 15,1520 he issued an ultimatum, threatening Luther with excommunication. And finally, In January 1521, Luther was officially excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Leo X and was declared a heretic . -
1526
The Tyndale Bible
This is the first English translation from the original Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible, by William Tyndale (=English Biblical scholar and linguist/ And a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation). So this is the New Testament. -
1533
The Act in Restraint of Appeals
act that gave Henry VIII the power to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (= as she failed to bear his heir) and break with the Roman Catholic Church. The new Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine ‘null and void’. -
Jan 25, 1533
Henry VIII Married Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (=the lady-in-waiting of Catherine of Aragon) quickly married in a secret ceremony led by Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury. -
Nov 3, 1534
The First act of supremacy
Henry VIII was made "Supreme Head of the Church of England". This is when the schism happened. -
Period: 1536 to 1541
Dissolution of the monasteries in England (= act of nationalisation)
According to the king of England Henry VIII monasteries were bastions of "popery". so they were disbanded by the crown → the valuables were confiscated and melted down/It was kind of nationalisation. ( by 1536 all the smaller monasteries had disappeared ). -
Oct 13, 1536
Pilgrimage of Grace ( 1536- 1537)
It was a popular revolt beginning in Yorkshire in October 1536. It was a protest against Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church, the dissolution of the lesser monasteries and they also demanded the restoration of the Pope and of Mary Tudor to the royal succession. However economic grievances were also at the centre of the rebellions. -
Dec 17, 1538
Excommunication of the Tudor king Henry VIII
On this day, Pope Paul III announced the excommunication of King Henry VIII. -
Period: Feb 20, 1547 to 1553
The Reign of Edward VI : The young king of England
He was King Henry VIII’s only legitimate son ;his mother was Henry’s third wife, Jane Seymour. He became king of England and Ireland at the age of 9. He died at the age of 15 from tuberculosis -
1549
Book of Common Prayer
It was compiled by Archbishop Cranmer and published in 1549. -
Period: 1553 to 1558
The reign of Mary I : "Bloody Mary" and the re-Catholicisation of England
Mary I, daughter of Catherine Of Aragon and Henry VIII, became the first regnant Queen of England, at the age of 37. She restored Catholicism in only 18 months. She was infamously called " Bloody Mary" as she persecuted protestants and burned over 200 of them to the stake for refusing to convert to Catholicism. Hundreds of others fled the country and they are called the " Marian Exiles". She became ill and died in 1558 which was greeted as she had turned the nation against her during her reign. -
Period: Nov 17, 1558 to
The reign of Elizabeth I : the "Virgin Queen"
Daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn. She succeeded to the throne on her half-sister's death in November 1558. Her reign was a "Golden age" for England, as she appeased religious and political tensions which had lasted over 25 years. She was behind the " religious settlement" in England. she stayed in power for 45 years without getting married and was nicknamed the "Virgin Queen". She was the last heir of the House of Tudor. And she died in 1603. -
1559
The Second Act of Supremacy
It abolished the authority of the Pope and restored the authority of the Queen over the Church. This act made Elizabeth I the "Supreme Governor of the Church of England". -
1559
The Act of Uniformity
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Period: 1563 to 1571
The 39 Articles of Faith
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Period: 1568 to 1573
Marian civil war
Civil war in Scotland which resulted the abdication of Mary Stuart ,Queen of Scots. -
1569
The Northern Rebellion
It was a Rebellion against religious reforms. An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth I by Mary, Queen of Scots. The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland. However It was crushed. -
1570
Excommunication of Elizabeth I: ( the papal bull)
"Regnans in Excelsis" is a papal bull that Pope Pius V issued in 1570. It called Elizabeth I : "The so-called Queen" and "heretic favouring heretics". Therefore Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth I from the Roman Catholic Church and declared that she wasn't the true Queen Of England. -
1571
The 1571 Treason Acts
It reinforced the 1534 Act by making it illegal to criticize the monarchy. It was a crime punishable by law. -
The Babington plot
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth I and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham (= master-spy of the Queen), when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Mary Stuart and this group. Which resulted the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. -
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary Of Guise, she was Elizabeth I's cousin, and a threat to her. Mary Queen of Scots was Catholic, and was seen as a real replacement for Elizabeth I by Catholic conservatives. The Queen kept her imprisoned for 19 years , but after she discovered the many plots made by the conservatives and Mary Queen Of Scots which threatened to kill her, she executed her. For her On the day of her execution, she wore a bright red dress symbolizing Catholic martyrs. -
Speech to the troops at Tilbury
The Queen made a speech in Tilbury, Essex in order to rally the troops who were preparing to repel the invasion of the Spanish Armada. -
The Spanish Armada
It was the Spanish naval fleet that tried to invade England in 1588 and was defeated by the English fleet. Phillip II, King of Spain (= Mary I's husband) and Catholic, supported the many Catholic plots against Elizabeth I. To defend herself and the protestant cause, the two countries waged war. It was a complete defeat for Spain, England was victorious.