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South Carolina Exposition and Protest
(December 1828)South Carolina Exposition and Protest was where John C. Calhoun declared that the states had the right to nullify “oppressive” national legislation. He argued that the federal government had taken the states’ consent. He also stated that states could nullify any federal law that they considered was unconstitutional. Calhoun also claimed that the U.S. Constitution tariffs was only to raise revenue and not protect the American industry. -
Tariff of 1828
Tariff of Abominations was towards the end of Jackson’s first term in office. He was essentially forced to confront South Carolina as a business and farming interests were in need of the President to revise the 1828 act. This tariff was an even higher tariff on American manufacturing protecting its industry from the British and it only benefited the Northerners in their opinion. This would lead South Carolina and their agriculture to be poorer. -
Hayne-Webster Debate
It was between Robert Hayne(South Carolina Senator) and Daniel Webster(Massachusetts Senator). Hayne had supported Calhoun’s beliefs about nullification while Webster pointed towards the Constitution and its Supremacy Clause. Hayne believed that states should have the power to nullify federal law. However, Webster defended the Constitution and believed that they could go to federal court to amend the Constitution but not to nullify a federal law. -
Tariff of 1832
This was passed by Congress to lower protective tariffs from that tariff of Abominations. However, the South Carolinians were still not satisfied. This led to South Carolina legislature to call for a “state nullification” convention. -
Ordinance of Nullification
This was obtained by South Carolina as they proclaimed that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were “null and void” within their state borders. Their legislature also passed laws to enforce their ordinance such as raising a military force. -
Jackson's Proclamation
Jackson’s Proclamation was Jackson essentially reminding the state that they were close to “treason”. He also brought to the South Carolina citizens’ attention that they were close to disunion. In his proclamation, he also mentions that he would use military force if it was necessary. -
Compromise Tariff of 1833
The Compromise Tariff of 1833 was persuaded by Henry Clay. This would lower all duties by 20% over the years until 1842. -
Force Bill
Force Bill was also passed the same day as the Compromise Tariff. This gave the president the authority to enforce the laws with military power. These two acts/bills signified South Carolinian that the threats of secession would no longer be tolerated.