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1509
Henry VIII became king
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Period: 1509 to 1547
reign of Henry VIII
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Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther writing the Ninety-Five theses
It makes the start of the European Reformation.
For him, salvation was free and one did not have to pay anything to obtain it. -
1521
Martin Luther is excommunicated
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1526
The Tyndale Bible
William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English. -
1533
Henry Married Ann Boleyn
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1534
act of supremacy
creation of the anglicane church with Henry VIII as supreme leader -
Period: 1536 to 1541
the dissolution of monasteries
Henry decided that the monasteries were symbol of popery -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Reign of Edouard VI
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Period: 1553 to 1546
Reign of Marie the first (Bloody Mary)
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Period: 1553 to 1558
The catholic Restoration
Mary restored catholicism -
1558
Death of Mary I and end of the catholicism restauration
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Period: 1558 to
Reign Of Elizabeth I
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1559
the act of supremacy
Church organization abolished the authority of the pope. Elizabeth became "supreme governor of the church of England", and she restored the authority of the queen over the church. -
1559
The act of uniformity
religious belief every parish had to use the book of common prayer. People who did not attend an Anglicane service were fined. -
Period: 1563 to 1571
The 39 articles of faith
3 important changes: a new ecclesiology a never doctrine of salvation, a new definition of sacrements, and of the mass still in use today -
1569
The Northern Rebellion
Rebellion against religious reforms. An attempt to replace Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots. The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland. It was crushed -
1570
the pope excommunicated Elizabeth
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1570
The papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis"
It called Elizabeth "The so-called queen" "heretic favoring heretics" -
The Babington plot
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Marie and this group. -
The execution of Mary Queen of Scots
She was wearing a bright red dress, the color of Catholic martyrs -
Speech to the troops at Tilbury
The queen made a speech in Tilbury, Essex in order to rally the troops who were preparing to repel the invasion of the Spanish Armada. -
Period: to
James 1 reign
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The Gunpowder plot
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The great contract
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Period: to
The thirty years war
consequences of the war: a huge strain on finances -
Period: to
The reign of Charles 1
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Period: to
The personal rule
11 years when the king ruled without calling parliament. Historians called it " the eleven years tyranny". -
Period: to
The Scottish crisis
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The grand remonstrance
a document voted by parliament after heated debates. it summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I. -
Period: to
the civil war
4 key factors leading to Civil War:
Religious divisions
Financial problems
Relations between King and Parliament
Governing three kingdoms
Made worse in the 1620s by:
Thirty years’ war
Charles’ personality
The Scottish Rebellion -
Charles declared war on parliament
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England declared as a Commonwealth
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Period: to
The commonwealth
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Period: to
The Interregnum
Between two reigns, between two kings.
England declared a "commonwealth"= governed by its people without a king.
But failure to reach stability led to the creation of a "military protectorate" ruled by Cromwell.
During the interregnum, many experiments with republican forms of government. But main problem: any republican regime needed the support of both : The propertied classes who wanted stability and order
The army who wanted religious toleration and reforms -
Blasphemy act
The Quaker James Nayler was convicted for blasphemy and harshly -
The instrument of Government
England's first and only written constitution -
Cromwellian protectorate
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Period: to
The Cromwellian Protectorate
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Cromwell's death
his son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months. this led to a period of Anarchy
7 governments in less than a year.
People longed for a return to order, increasing for monarchy -
Charles 2 issued the Declaration of Breda
it promised:
a general amnesty
to continue religious toleration
to share power with Parliament
in return for the restoration of monarchy -
Period: to
Reign of Charles 2
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The restoration
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Outbreak of Plague
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The Great Fire of London
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The popish plot
Rumor of a plot organized by the French to murder Charles 2 and replace him by his catholic brother James 2 -
Period: to
The exclusion crisis
Parliament attempted to debar James 1 from the succession to the English throne -
Period: to
Reign of James 2
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The Glorious revolution
In 1688, Parliament invited the King’s son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown!
He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance
James’ army disintegrated, officers deserted. James II fled to France and William became King William III -
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights limited the monarch's power for the first time -
The act of settlement
Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heir
Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I
Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain -
Act of union between England and Scotland
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain -
Period: to
Reign of George 1
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Period: to
Reign of George 2
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Period: to
Reign of George 3
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Declaration of Independence
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Treaty of Paris
Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States -
Period: to
French Revolutionary Wars
Britain at war with France Combatting revolutionary ideology + maritime, colonial and economic motives -
Irish Rebellion
an uprising against British rule in Ireland
Influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions
Presbyterian radicals + Catholics
Rebels defeated (/atrocities) -
Acts of Union
Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland -
Period: to
Reign of George IV