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The belief that human history is a record of progress is a core idea associated with the Enlightenment period, This movement emphasized reason, science, and individual liberty, and believed that humanity could steadily improve through the application of knowledge. -
Romanticism started in Western Europe, around the middle of the 18th century. At this time, the dominant artistic and cultural movement is Neoclassicism, -
emerged during the "Enlightenment" period, a philosophical movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, with key thinkers like John Locke, David Hume, and Thomas Hobbes contributing significantly to these ideas by focusing on reason and human experience -
As First Consul, Napoleon instituted a number of lasting reforms: centralised administration of government, a higher education system, a central bank, law codes and a road and sewer system, many of which are still in place today. -
is one in which both executive and legislative power is concentrated centrally at the higher level as opposed to it being more distributed at various lower level governments. -
this is when the French Revolution started the Revolution precipitated a series of European wars -
The Third Estate, locked out of the Estates-General, swore to continue meeting until a new constitution was drafted -
during the French Revolution, the most significant event was the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris on July 14th, which marked the beginning of the uprising against the monarchy -
Parisians marched on the royal palace at Versailles, forcing the royal family to return to Paris. -
religious orders and monasteries were dissolved, while monks and nuns were encouraged to return to private life -
The overthrow of the monarchy and the creation of a new republican government -
King Louis XVI was tried for treason and guillotined, signifying the end of the monarchy -
A period of extreme violence and mass executions led by the Committee of Public Safety, primarily under Maximilien Robespierre. -
immediately after the suppression of royalist uprising in Paris, the elections for the new Councils decreed by the new Constitution took place. -
as frustration with their leadership reaches a fever pitch, Bonaparte stages a coup d'état, abolishing the Directory and appointing himself France's 'first consul' -
Higher education began to revive only in 1795, with schools of law and medicine, but real reform had to await Napoleon. The Napoleonic 'University' of 1808 was a centralized, secular, national body, with separate faculties which were not reconstituted as individual universities.