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Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty, founded by the Manchu people in 1636, ruled China for nearly 3 centuries until 1912. It expanded territory, embraced multiculturalism, and saw periods of prosperity under emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong. However, corruption, uprisings, and external pressures led to its decline, culminating in its collapse and establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. -
Opium Wars
The Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) arose from China's efforts to curb the opium trade, leading to British military intervention. Treaties resulting from these wars opened Chinese ports, legalized opium trade, and weakened the Qing dynasty, marking a significant shift in China's relations with the West and paving the way for increased Western influence. -
The Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan aimed to overthrow the Qing dynasty, establish a Christian-based Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and implement radical reforms. It caused millions of deaths, weakened the Qing, and highlighted challenges of modernization. Suppressed by Qing forces with Western aid, it marked a pivotal period in Chinese history. -
Self-Strengthening Movement
The Self-Strengthening Movement, from the 1860s to the 1890s in China, aimed to modernize the military, industry, and infrastructure. Combining traditional values with Western technology, it was led by figures like Li Hongzhang. Despite some progress, opposition and underlying weaknesses limited its success, contributing to the Qing dynasty's downfall. -
The Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion, starting in 1899, was an anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China led by the Boxers. Fueled by resentment towards foreign influence and religious beliefs, it targeted missionaries and foreigners. The Eight-Nation Alliance intervened to suppress it in 1900, leading to China's further subjugation and hastening calls for modernization. -
Open Door Polic
The Open Door Policy, introduced by the US in 1899, aimed to ensure equal trading opportunities in China, amidst concerns over its partitioning. It advocated for China's territorial integrity, open access to its markets, and sovereignty respect. Endorsed by several nations, it influenced China's relations with foreign powers and its modernization efforts.