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Industrial Revolution
The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. -
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Robert Schumann
Important as critic, editor, and composer; center of musical life; lost his sanity at a young age -
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Frédéric François Chopin
Polish/French composer and pianist; he innovated new piano techniques; he is more famous today than during his lifetime; known for his character pieces -
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Franz Liszt
Virtuoso pianist; conductor; author; supporter of Wagner; innovator in musical form, aesthetics, and harmonies; inventor of the orchestral tone poem -
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Simón Bolivar rebellions against Spain
Known as “Él Libertador” across South America, Simón Bolivar helped to sow the seeds of rebellion and independence in many countries in the northern parts of South America. -
Philharmonic Society Founded
British music society -
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Giusseppe Verdi
The leading Italian opera composer of the 19th century; became a national hero of Italy -
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Richard Wagner
Creator of German Music Drama; conductor; writer; musical innovator; wrote about music of the future; Anti-Semite; profoundly influenced Western harmony -
Schubert's "Erlkӧnig"
Poem of the same name by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. “Erlkönig” is considered by many to be one of the greatest ballads ever penned. -
Congress of Vienna
reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It began in September 1814, five months after Napoleon I’s first abdication and completed its “Final Act” in June 1815, shortly before the Waterloo campaign and the final defeat of Napoleon. The settlement was the most-comprehensive treaty that Europe had ever seen. -
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Johann Strauss
Viennese composer, conductor, and violinist; called the "Waltz-King" -
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Johannes Brahms
Austrian composer; known as a classic-romantic; strong knowledge of the musical past; one of the first editors of Bach's music; conductor, pianist; friends with the Schumanns; never wrote an opera -
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Camille Saint-Saëns
French composer, pianist, organist, and writer -
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Antonín Dvorák
The most famous of the Czech composers; lived in USA; influenced by African-American and Native American music and culture -
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John Philip Sousa
American; leader of the U.S. Marine Band in 1880 -
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Edward Elgar
English composer; received international acclaim; not folksong oriented -
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Giacomo Puccini
Italian opera composer; gift for delicate melodies; strove for realism; the most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi