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Federalists pass new Judiciary Act; Jefferson sends U.S. forces to challenge Barbary pirates
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U.S. purchases Louisiana Territory from France; Haiti established as the first independent black-led nation in the Americas; Marbury v. Madison
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Corps of Discovery explores Louisiana Territory
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Sacagawea joins Corps of Discovery
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Robert Fulton launches first successful steamboat; Embargo Act passed
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Non-Intercourse Act passed
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Population of both NY and Philadelphia exceeds 100,000
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1st steamboat travels down the Mississippi to New Orleans; William Henry Harrison defeats Shawnees at Prophet Town
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Parker Cleaveland publishes Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology
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American Colonization Society founded
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Andrew Jackson fights Spanish and Seminole forces in Florida
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Great Britain and U.S. agree to joint occupation of
Oregon Territory -
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Spain cedes Florida to U.S.; establishes boundary between U.S. and Spanish territory through the Adams-Onis Treaty; Panic of 1819 sparks severe recession that lasts until 1823
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One-quarter of non-Indian Americans live west of the Appalachian Mountains; Washington Irving publishes Sketchbook
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Southern cotton production increases from about 500,000 bales to 3 million bales
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Size, number, and diversity of northern cities grown; immigration surges
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White traders begin using Santa Fe Trail
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Mexico overthrows Spanish rule and encourages U.S. settlement in Texas
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Denmark Vesey accused of organizing a slave uprising
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Textile factory town built in Lowell, Massachusetts
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American Temperance Society founded
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1st workingmen's political party founded
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Noah Webster publishes American Dictionary of the English Language
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Tariff of 1828 passed; John Ross elected principle chief of the Cherokee nation
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David Walker publishes Appeal...to the Colored Citizens
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Joseph Smith publishes The Book of Mormon
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Charles Grandson Finney brings Second Great Awakening to Rochester, NY
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Indian Removal Act passed
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440,000 slaves from the Upper South sold to owners in the Lower South
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Nat Turner leads slave uprising in Virginia
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Virginia's Assembly establishes special committee on slavery
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South Carolina passed Ordinance of Nullification
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Force Bill passed
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Tredegar Iron Works established
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William Loyd Garrison founds American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS)
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U.S. settlers declare eastern Texas an independent republic
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James Hammond leads campaign that results in congressional gag rule
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Panic of 1837 triggers recession
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American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) splits over the role of women in the society
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Whigs win the presidency and gain control of Congress
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Liberty Party formed; World Anti-Slavery Convention, London
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Solomon Northrup kidnapped and sold into slavery
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John C. Fremont leads expedition along the Oregon Trail
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Amy Post helps found the Western New York Anti-Slavery Society
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Marcus and Narcissa Whitman lead 1,000 Christian emigrants to the Oregon Territory
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William Miller predicts Second Coming of Christ
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Congress funds construction of the first telegraph lie
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Anti-immigrant violence rocks Philadelphia
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Frederick Douglass publishes Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
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Margaret Fuller publishes Woman in the Nineteenth Century
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David Wilmot proposes Wilmot Proviso
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Henry David Thoreau publishes Civil Disobedience
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Dred Scott and his family sue for their freedom
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U.S. settles dispute with Great Britain over Oregon
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Free-Soil Party formed; Frederick Douglass publishes the North Star
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Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill in California
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Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Solomon Northrup publishes Twelve Years a Slave
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Fugitive slave Anthony Burns returned to his owner; Kansas-Nebraska Act passed
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U.S.-Japanese treaty allows for mutual trading; Republican Party founded
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Period of violence in Bleeding Kansas
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Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott case
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John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia
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South Carolina secedes from the Union
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Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede
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Confederate of America established
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Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces
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General Benjamin Butler declares escaped slaves "contraband"
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Slavery abolished in District of Columbia; Battle of Shiloh; Jefferson Davis signs conscription act
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Rose O'Neal Greenhow exiled to the South
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Battle of Antietam; Lincoln issues preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
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Lincoln signs Emancipation Proclamation
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Enrollment Act passed in North
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Draft riots in NY; Battle of Gettysburg; Battle of Vicksburg
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Lincoln issues Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
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200,000 African Americans serving in the Union army and navy
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Ku Klux Klan formed; Freedmen's Bureau established
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Congress passes Thirteenth Amendment
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General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox Court House
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Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln; Andrew Johnson becomes president
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Congress passes extension of Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Act over Johnson's presidential veto; Congress passes 14th Amendment
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Military Reconstruction Acts divide the South into military districts; Congress passes Command of the Army and Tenure of Office Acts
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Congress passed 15th Amendment; Women's suffrage movement splits over support of 15th Amendment
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250,000 blacks attend schools established by the Freedman's Bureau; civilian rule reestablished in all former Confederate states
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Jefferson Long serves as a Republican congressman from Georgia
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Congress takes steps to curb KKK violence in the South
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Liberal Republicans challenge reelection of President Grant
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Financial panic sparks depression lasting until the late 1870s
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Supreme Court limits rights of African Americans
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Congress passes Civil Rights Act outlawing discrimination in public accommodations, which the Supreme Court rules unconstitutional in 1883