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Doctrine of Discovery
The Doctrine of Discovery allowed European explorers to claim lands they "discovered". It was used to legitimize the colonization of indigenous lands and the dispossession of native populations by European powers. This doctrine was upheld by various governments and even influenced international law, justifying the acquisition of new territories by European nations through exploration and conquest. The legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery has had profound effects on indigenous peoples -
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Small Pox
The smallpox epidemic among Canadian Indigenous peoples was really bad. When European settlers came, they brought this disease, and it made lots of Indigenous people sick and many died. It caused big problems by making communities smaller and hurting their traditions and the way they lived. This sickness stayed around for a long time and made life really tough for Indigenous people in Canada. -
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The Seven Years War
The Seven Years' War was a really big fight that happened from 1756 to 1763. It involved many powerful countries like Britain, France, and Spain. This war was super important because it decided who would control lots of land around the world, especially in places like North America and Europe. When it ended, France had to give up Canada to Britain, which made Britain much stronger in North America. -
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was a big fight between the British and the French in Canada in 1759. The British won, which made them take over Quebec City from the French. This win was super important because it led to Britain controlling Canada instead of France. It changed who was in charge of Canada and how things were run there. -
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The War of 1812
The War of 1812, between the United States and Great Britain, occurred due to trade issues and impressment, mainly fought in North America. It shaped the identities of the U.S. and Canada, while Indigenous nations took sides based on their interests, with some supporting the British for land protection. Tecumseh aimed to unite Indigenous groups against American expansion, but not everyone agreed on which side to back. Treaties often neglected Indigenous needs, leading to land loss -
The Indian Act
The Indian Act of 1876 was a Canadian law that controlled a lot of things for Indigenous people. It made the government decide where they lived and how they lived. The law wanted Indigenous folks to become more like everyone else in Canada, so it stopped them from doing their own traditions. It made a big impact and changed how the government and Indigenous groups worked together for a long time. -
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Canadian Pacific Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) significantly impacted Indigenous peoples in Canada. It led to the loss of their traditional lands, disrupting their way of life and cultural practices. Many Indigenous communities were displaced from their territories due to the railway's construction, leading to social, economic, and cultural challenges. Additionally, the CPR contributed to increased European settlement, which further affected the rights of Indigenous peoples. -
The Treaty of Washington
The Treaty of Washington in 1871 was a big deal between the USA and Britain after the Civil War. They sorted out fights they had about things like ships damaging each other's stuff. The treaty helped fix those problems and made a way for them to talk and solve issues without fighting. -
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The Potlatch Ban
The potlatch ban was a rule in Canada starting in 1884 that stopped Indigenous folks from having their traditional parties called potlatches. These parties were super important for them. The government didn't like these gatherings because they were different, so they made them illegal. It stayed that way for a long time and hurt Indigenous traditions a lot. -
The Trial and Hanging of Louis Riel
Louis Riel, a leader of the Métis people, got into trouble for leading a rebellions in Canada in 1869 and 1885. Even though some people questioned if he was thinking clearly and if the trial was fair, he was found guilty of a serious crime called high treason. He was hanged on November 16, 1885, in Saskatchewan. This event caused arguments about whether he was a hero or a troublemaker and made things tense between the Canadian government and Indigenous groups. -
The North-West Resistance
The North-West Resistance in Canada in 1885 was when Métis leader Louis Riel and Indigenous leaders stood up against the Canadian government. They were upset about land, money, and how their culture was being treated. After the fighting, Louis Riel was executed, and the Canadian government got more control over the region. This event showed how Métis and Indigenous people fought for their rights and still influences discussions about their rights in Canada today. -
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Forced Sterilization in Residential Schools
Forced sterilization in residential schools means that Indigenous students were made unable to have children without their agreement. This happened in Canada's schools for Indigenous kids and was meant to stop their communities from growing. The people who were sterilized didn't agree to it, and it hurt them a lot. This terrible thing added to the already bad treatment that Indigenous kids faced in those schools. -
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Calder Case
The Nisga'a Indigenous group from British Columbia went to court. They wanted the law to recognize their ownership of their traditional lands. The court agreed that Indigenous people had rights to their land, but they didn't give the Nisga'a specific ownership. This case was a big deal because it started recognizing Indigenous land rights in Canada, but it didn't solve everything about who owns what land. -
White Paper
The White Paper in 1969 was a plan by the Canadian government to make Indigenous people more like everyone else by taking away special treaties and rights they had. But lots of Indigenous folks didn't like this idea because they thought it would erase their cultures. They got really mad and said no, wanting to keep their rights and ways of life. This made the government rethink and remember that Indigenous folks have their own rights that should be respected. -
The Oka Crisis
The Oka Crisis was a fight in Canada in 1990 between the Mohawk folks and the government about land. The government wanted to build on land important to the Mohawks, so they got mad and protested. Things got tense, with the Mohawks facing off against the police for a while. Eventually, they talked it out, but it showed that there are still big problems between Indigenous rights and government decisions in Canada.