History

Time Period Two

By Stella_0206
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    Agriculture Revolution

    • There were three major changes:
      • The selective breeding of livestock
      • The removal of common property rights to land
      • New system of cropping
    • Organic agriculture gradually replaced by the farming system that depended on energy-intensive inputs.
    • Produce more food
    • Passing of the Enclosure Laws
    • Limiting the common land available to small farmers in 1760.

  • The “Golden Age” of the Netherlands

    The “Golden Age” of the Netherlands
    • The Dutch Republic became the world’s economic hyperpower in the seventeenth century.
    • After the Spanish expulsion, Netherland accepted Jewish to enter Netherland.
    • Jewish brought the diamond business into Netherland and as a result, make Netherland became the centre of the diamond trade.
    • The establishment of the East India Company.
    • Dutch merchants decided to learn from Spain and Portugal merchants
    • Dutch imperialism was fueled by profit seeking.

  • Peace of Westphalia

    Peace of Westphalia
    • Ended thirty years war
    • The treaty further reduced the power of the Holy Roman emperor and strengthened the rulers of the states within it.
    • Under the terms of the peace settlement, a number of countries received territories or were confirmed in their sovereignty over territories.
    • Confirmed the Peace of Augsburg.
    • Granted Lutheran religious tolerance in the empire.

  • The “Glorious Revolution”

    The “Glorious Revolution”
    • Bloodless Revolution.
    • Disposition of James II of England by his daughter Mary II and her husband William of Orange.
    • Established the supremacy of parliament over the crown.
    • Setting Britain on the path towards constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
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    Enlightenment

    • The Age of reason
    • Emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority.
    • Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe think humanity could be improved through rational change.
    • Influence America and French Revolution.
    • “Philosophes”
    • Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Buffon, and Diderot.
    • Education leading into more modern society

  • Enclosure movement

    Enclosure movement
    • The new landowners combined the small fields to create large farms and fenced them.
    • The movement allowed for more efficient farming methods.
    • Further increased the food supply.
    • Enclosure also threw countless farmers off the land.
    • Unable to make a living in the countryside =, these poor farmers went to the cities for jobs.

  • Rousseau

    Rousseau
    • The most important figure in the Enlightenment
    • Influenced French peasants during the French Revolution
    • Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist.
    • Treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation.
    • Most influential
    • Marked the end of the Age of Reason
    • Impact on people’s way of life
    • Discours sur l’origine de l’inegalité

  • Treaty of Utrecht

    Treaty of Utrecht
    • A series of treaties between France and other European powers.
    • Series of treaties between Spain and other powers
    • Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
    • Recognized Queen Anne as the legitimate sovereign of England.
    • Stated that France and Spain would never be ruled by the same monarch.
    • Louis XIV had to give up most of the territory he had taken.

  • Pragmatic Sanction

    Pragmatic Sanction
    A document approved by Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor stated that the empire could be passed to a female heir.

  • Rule of Frederick the Great of Prussia

    Rule of Frederick the Great of Prussia
    • Ruled Prussia from 1740 until his death
    • Transformed his kingdom into a modern state.
    • Enlarged Prussia’s territories
    • Made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe.
    • Enlightened absolute monarch.
    • Prussia became one the great state of Europe.
    • Increate military strength.
    • Brilliant military strategist who lead Prussia in any successful campaigns during his reign
    • Patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment in Prussia
    • Won victory in Seven Years of War.
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    War of Austrian Succession

    • The war over whether Maria Theresa should keep the Austrian Throne.
    • Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia
    • Fought with Prussia, France and Austria with England
    • Prussia remained in possession of Silesia
    • The result was Maria Theresa keeping the Austrian Throne.

  • The beginning of Industrial Revolution

    The beginning of Industrial Revolution
    • Inventors and scientists were inspired to develop new technologies.
    • Electricity was developed.
    • The wide availability of electric power transformed industry in both the United States and Europe.
    • The development of efficient steam engines led to improvements in transportation.
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    Seven Years’ War

    • The war was mainly about the maritime and colonial conflict between Britain and its Bourbon enemies: France and Spain, and the conflict between Frederick II of Prussia and his opponents.
    • Involved every European great power of the time.
    • The war split Europe into two coalitions.
    • Ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1763, marking the beginning of British Dominance outside Europe.

  • Diplomatic Revolution

    Diplomatic Revolution
    Shift of support between England and France over Austria and Prussia, from Austria sided with England and Prussia sided with France to the reverse.

  • Reign of Catherine the Great of Prussia

    Reign of Catherine the Great of Prussia
    • The overthrow of King James II of England.
    • Catherine seized power from the new czar.
    • Catherine takes power over her husband and declared as Czarina of Russia.
    • Built a bronze statue in St.Peterburg honouring Peter
    • Influenced by major European thinkers of the time who believed that a strong and wise ruler could improve life for his or her subject.
    • Reformed Russian’s legal an education systems.
    • Removed some restrictions on trade.
    • Promoted science and the arts.

  • Rule of King Louis XVI of France

    Rule of King Louis XVI of France
    • The last king of France
    • The king along with his queen was guillotined on charges of -counterrevolution.
    • Faced enormous debt and rising resentment during his reign.
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    French Revolution

    • The most violent and the most universally significant revolutions.
    • Peasants started to improved standard of living and education
    • Bourgeoisie aspired to political power.
    • Peasants wanted to acquired the full rights of landowners and to be free to increase their holdings.
    • Overthrow the monarchy
    • Established a republic
    • Experienced violent periods of political turmoil
    • Culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon
    • Influenced by Enlightenment

  • Storming of Bastille

    Storming of Bastille
    • Louis ordered some troops to Paris and Versailles in case he needed to preserve the monarchy by force.
    • Members of the National Assembly thought the king would use violence to their meetings.
    • The people of Paris sought to arm themselves against any actions the king might take.
    • The action of the storming of the Bastille became a powerful symbol of the French Revolution.
    • Bastille was a royal fortress and prison that had come to symbolize the tyranny of the Bourbon monarchs.
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    The Great Fear

    Rumors spread that an armed group of peasants were roaming the countryside as part of the revolution.
    “aristocratic conspiracy”

  • Tennis Court Oath

    Tennis Court Oath
    • An oath that was sworn by third estate saying that they would no leave the court until they had written a constitution for France.
    • Louis then relented and allowed each representative to have a vote.

  • Women’s march on Versailles

    Women’s march on Versailles
    • Rioted over high bread prices
    • They march to the Palace of Versailles and demand the king to response.
    • One of the main leaders of the march was a man named Stanislas Marie Maillard.
    • The king responded by moving back to Paris with the crowd.

  • National Convention

    National Convention
    • French revolutionary committee which organized the Revolution and the Committee of Public Safety.
    • Elected to provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy.
    • The Montagnards and the Girondins dominated the first phase of the Convention.
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    Reign of Terror

    • Revolutionary government take harsh measures against those suspected to being enemies of the Revolution.
    • Wave of execution were followed in France.
    • The Committee of Public Safety had the control over the French government.
    • Maximilian Robespierre dominated the Committee of Public Safety.
    • The Revolutionary Tribunal started its campaign with the Girondists.
    • The most common sentence was death by guillotine.

  • The Directory

    The Directory
    • French Revolutionary government
    • When the Terror ended, France start over with a new government called the Directory.
    • Made up of five men called directors.
    • Was not an effective government.
    • Did some financial reforms that helped farmers and improved trade.
    • The directors were weak and corrupt.
    • Their rule shared many characteristics of the Old Orders.
    • The Directory placed Napoleon in command of French forces invading Italy.

  • Napoleon becomes Emperor of France

    Napoleon becomes Emperor of France
    • Napoleon was a brilliant military leader.
    • The Directory placed Napoleon in command of France forces invading Italy.
    • While Napoleon’s power continue to grow, the Directory had grown weak and ineffective.
    • Coup d’etat
    • The structure of a republic was still in place, but Napoleon had become a dictator.
    • Napoleon submitted a plebiscite thus made him became the Emperor Napoleon I.