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The geese warned in the night the Romans of a Gallic sneak attack. Archaeologists have failed to find a burnt layer or any other evidence of damage from this time.
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Julius Caesar was stabbed to death by a mob of conspirators in a place just next to the Theater of Pompey
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The Roman Empire began when Augustus Caesar became the first emperor of Rome. Rome was a very big empire that took a big part of the history
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Emperor Caligula tried to conquer Britain but failed. Emperor Claudius accomplished it in 44CE. Emperor Trajan annexed Dacia in 101 BCE and Mesopotamia a decade later. This would be the furthest east the empire had ever been or would ever be.
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Diocletian was born to a family of low status in Dalmatia, Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become Roman cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus.
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Rome got split to two- the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. After the Eastern Roman Empire’s much later fall in 1453 CE, western scholars began calling it the ”Byzantine Empire”
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Constantine the Great was also known as Constantine I. He was born on the territory now known as Niš. Was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer. His mother was Empress Helena. His father became Caesar, the deputy emperor in the west.
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In 311, Galerius, a leader in Rome, allowed Christian religion under his rule. From 313 to 380, Christianity enjoyed the status of being a legal religion within the Roman Empire.
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A Germanic leader called Odoacer, overthrown Romulus, the last of the Roman emperors in the west. Odoacer became the first Barbarian to rule in Rome. The order that the Roman Empire had brought to western Europe for 1000 years was no more.
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In 525 Emperor Justin I named his favorite nephew, Justinian, caesar of the Byzantine Empire. He did it after he took Justinian under his wing. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire.
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A war with a win of the Muslims. After the war Maghreb was brought under Muslim rule
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The Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs marked the victory of the Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel over the invasion forces of the Umayyad Caliphate
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Also known as Karl and Charles the Great. Charlemagne gave money and land to the Christian church and protected the popes. Charlemagne ruled from a number of cities and palaces, but spent significant time in Aachen.
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The Vikings who invaded western and eastern Europe were mainly pagans from the same area as present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. They also settled in the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Iceland, peripheral Scotland, Greenland, and Canada.
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The Greek missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius were the apostles of the Slavic peoples. Preaching Christianity in the native language, they brought the Slavic countries firmly into the sphere of the Christian Church.
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The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which had lasted until the 11th century.
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The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims. Started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.
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Magna Carta is a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor. was published at 1215.
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Was the conquest of Europe by the Mongol Empire, by way of the destruction of East Slavic principalities.
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Filippo Brunelleschi, Giotto, Arnolfo di Cambio and Francesco Talenti designed this dome.The Duomo of Florence was especially important because of three unique features that helped spark the Renaissance and inspire artists and engineers across Europe.
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Italian writer Dante Alighieri's wrote this epic poem. It is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Inferno tells the journey of Dante through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil.
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Was a series of conflicts waged by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the French House of Valois.The war was over the right to rule the Kingdom of France.
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The Black Death. It was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. It caused the death of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.
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Roman Catholic papacy during the period 1309–77, took up residence at Avignon, France, instead of at Rome, primarily because of the political conditions.
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Jan Hus was a priest in Bohemia, which today is in the Czech Republic. Hus wanted to purify the Church and return it to the people. He called for an end to corruption among the clergy. He wanted the Bible and the mass to be offered in different languages, not just Latin, so more people will be able to read it.
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The printing press was revolutionary. With this invention, ideas and books could spread easier and faster. with this invention, holy books like the bible could be more common.
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After an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople, Mehmed triumphantly entered the Hagia Sophia, which would soon be converted to the city's leading mosque. The fall of Constantinople marked the end of a glorious era for the after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople, Mehmed triumphantly entered the Hagia Sophia, which would soon be converted to the city's leading mosque. The fall of Constantinople marked the end of a glorious era for the Byzantine Empire. Empire.
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The Sistine Chapel is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in Vatican City. The ceiling of the real Sistine Chapel was painted by Michelangelo from 1508 to 1512. The Construction started at 1473, but it opened in 1483
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Lorenzo’s leadership was consolidated by constitutional changes and by his securing peace with the papacy in 1480.
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The Birth of Venus is a painting by Botticelli. It shows the goddess Venus arriving at the shore after her birth, when she had emerged from the sea fully-grown.
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The Counter-Reformation was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church. Its main purpose was to reform and improve the Catholic Church that had existed before. Its first period is called the Catholic Reformation.
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Lisa Gherardini was the women in the painting. Da Vinci used shadow work and created optimcal illusion to create a unique smile through perspective.
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Desiderius Erasmus was a humanist from Holland. Erasmus wanted to reform the Church from within. His attacks on corruption in the Church leaded many people to decide leave Catholicism. The Praise of Folly is a book that he wrote, and that takes a huge part of the Renaissance Humanism, and is one of the most perfect expressions of the sentiments and philosophy of its author, Desiderius Erasmus.
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Luther posted a list of arguments, called the 95 theses, against indulgences and Church abuses on a church door in the town of Wittenberg. The theses made people question the authority of the catholic church.
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Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry was the second Tudor monarch. In 1534, Henry formed the Church of England, also called the Anglican Church, in 1534. He was the founder of Anglicanism.
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Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer. His theory was that the planets were orbiting the sun rather than the Earth. This theory was the complete opposite then what the Church and the people believed in- that the planets surrounded the Earth. He published books with his theory, and that made people question the Church's authority.
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Ruled England since 1558 until she died at 1603. Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor.
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First compound microscope was made by Hans and Zacharias Janssen. Zaccharias Janssen and his father Hans put several lenses in a tube and made a very important discovery. The object near the end of the tube appeared to be much larger than any simple magnifying glass could achieve by itself!
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The Globe Theatre was in London. William Shakespeare wrote there many of his great plays including Hamlet and Macbeth.
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Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion. While Copernicus rightly observed that the planets revolve around the Sun, Kepler correctly defined their orbits
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Galileo was very curios about Copernicus’ theory (the earth and all other planets surround the sun), and started study the stars. He subsequently used his newly invented telescope to discover four of the moons circling Jupiter, to study Saturn, to observe the phases of Venus, and to study sunspots on the Sun.
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The Thirty Years War began as a religious civil war between the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany that engaged the Austrian Habsburgs and the German princes. The war soon developed into a devastating struggle for the balance of power in Europe.
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A philosophical work by Francis Bacon. Originally written in Latin.
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Galileo supported Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory, which says that the Earth revolves around the Sun. this belief was deemed heretical by the Catholic Church. Galileo was ordered to turn himself in to the Holy Office to begin trial.
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Was a series of peace treaties signed in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, largely ending the European wars of religion (the 30 years war).
