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Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
Source The Peace of Augsburg was held in order to recognize Lutheranism by Charles V. The resolution was that both catholicism and lutheranism would be legal, but each region had to choose what religion would it choose. None of the sides were fully accepting the terms, but they had to compromise in order to avoid conflicts. -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
Source
Christian IV was a Lutheran king and ruled over Denmark. He supported the Protestant uprisings in Germany, but he was an unskilled general and got crushed by the two best commanders of the time. His defeat is another victory for the Catholic Church, and as he is pushed back to the islands of Denmark, the Protestant movement loses power. -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
SourceThe duke of Bavaria was one of the strongest allies of the emperor, Ferdinand II and the Catholic Church. He had a very strong and well-armed army which ended the Bohemian uprising, as well as other Protestant revolts. Even though Maximilian was much more powerful than the emperor he remained as Ferdinand's subservient. -
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King Louis XIII
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King Louis was a sickly, dependent on other authorities king who ruled over France. He was greatly influenced in his rule by Cardinal Richelieu, who guided his every move and appealed to his will. The king and the cardinal followed an anti-Hapsburg policy. Louis was often revolted against; he saw himself as a warrior and often leaded the army into battle. He was a strong supporter of the Catholics. -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Source Gustavus was responsilbe for the participation of Sweden in the Thirty Years War, but he also did a lot of reforms by which he made Sweden one of the most powerful countries. He was realy fluent in multiple disciplines and languages.. However, the beginning of his time as a King began with the acceptance of the Accessio Charter(chief offices were to be given to people from nobility). -
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Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
Source
Ferdinand II seized power over Bohemia after a tremendous victory over Frederick and his allies. This ended whatever freedom of religion Bohemia had. Many Protestant nobles immigrated to other parts of Germany, since no oppoistion to the Catholic church was possible at the time. -
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The Bohemian Period
SourceThis period began with a revolt against Catholicism in Bohemia which started after the Defenestration of Prague. The imperial forces rose against Ferdinand II, but Frederick lost his throne to the emperor. He was defeated in the battle of the White Mountain. The repercussions on Bohemia were severe. -
Defenestration of Prague
Roman Catholic officials stopped construction of Protestant Chapels, which violated the right of religious liberty. On may 23, 1618 the ones responsible from this were thrown out of the windows of the castle in Prague. This was a sign of revolting agains Catholicism. Source -
Battle of White Mountain
Source 2 The battle was held between the Imeprial and Czechs armies. Even though that the Czechs were a lot more in numbers, they lost the battle in only one hour by losing 4000 soliders. Many of the Czechs did not even fight, so they simply retreated. On the other hand, the Carholcis lost only 800 people. The nobles from the Czech's army were either murdered or exiled with no property left. -
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Philip IV of Spain
Source Philip IV wanted everything to be neatly done, so he was watching for details everywhere. Many people claim he was on the most catholic kings in the history because of his religious beliefs. He believed that it was his duty to support the Catholics in wars. However, his ambitions led to some victories, but overall the consequences were the decline of Spain and the losing of Netherlands. -
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Cardinal Richelieu
Source Richelieu had an idea about the function of everything. He put the state above everything even the church. He introduced the intendants which were royal agents. By doing this, Richelieu spread the authority of the king. Before this, he attacked the Huguenots, so he used any means in order to achieve his goals. In addition to his role in politics, he was a really influential patron of arts. -
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The Danish Period
Source
The period began with Christian IV, the Lutheran king of Denmark, who joined the Protestant revolt against Ferdinand II.The emperor used the help of Albrecht von Wallenstein to defeat Christian in 1626 and take the duchy of Holstein. The rebels regained control of Prague, re-elected Frederick and restored Holstein. However, the Treaty of Lubeck ended the conflict as a victory for the Catholics. -
Trety of Lubeck
SourceA peace treaty between Denmark and Lubeck which allowed Denmark to keep what was gained during the war. However, Christian had to withdraw from the war and give up on the Lower Saxon Circle and north Germany. -
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The Swedish Period
SourceGustavus A. entered the war with a strong army because of two major reasons: he believed in the Protestant Cuase and was afraid that Emperor Ferdinand would become too powerful. In 1631, Swedish army achieved a great victory by defeating Tilly in the Battle of Breitenfield. A year later, Swedish army achieved another victory, but they even succeeded in killing of Tilly. In the same year, the Wellenstein's army lost to the Swedish but Gustavus was killed which led to Peace of Prague (1635). -
Battle of Lutzen
Source The protestants defeated a small group of the army of the Catholics which slowed them down. The prtoestants were getting close to victory, but Pappenheim stepped forward with his cavalry, but he was quickly killed. Afterwards, Gustavus was killed, but this motiavted the soliders and they (Protestants) won the battle with huge losses. -
The Treaty of Prague
SourceThe peace treaty ended the Austro-Prussian war. The treaty was lenient towards Austria, which only lost Venice. The treaty stopped the war and religion was no longer a national conflict. -
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The French Period
Source Cardinal Richelieu led the French army into Germany in order to unite with the Swedish army. French armies especially Bernard of Weimar besieged Breisach. However, later the in the 1640's the king turned out to be four years old, so the throne was given toAnne of Austria, the Queen Mother and Italian MArzian which meant that France could not be that offensive towards other countries anymore. Despite this, the French defeated the sSpanish army in the Battle of Rocroi in May 1643. -
The Peace of Westphalia
Source The peace ended one of th most destructive wars: The Thirty Uears War. However, the signing was really hard since many countries and leaders had their own interests. Despite the differences in their opinions, they reached an agreement: independence to Switzerland of Austria nd Netherlands of Spain., Germans held their autonomy, Sweden got some cash and land, Bradenburg, Bavaria, France also benefited. -
The Treaty of the Pyrenees
SourceThe treaty ended the war between Spain and France. France gained large parts of Catalan territories. This ended the Catalan authonomy in the northern part.
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