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First legislation of the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism. This allowed the state princess to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism as the religion of their domain.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg) -
Led two unsuccessful wars against Sweden and brought Denmark into the Thirty Years' War. He also left a heritage of fine buildings.
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-IV) -
Became king at the age of 9
Declared war on Spain in 1635 with many military victories
Appointed Cardinal Richelieu
(http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xiii-9386868#death-and-legacy) -
Seen as a Protestant Hero, the “Lion of the North", who also had political considerations. Also regarded as an economic imperialist who sought to remedy Sweden’s poverty by seizing control of the Euro-Russian trade.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf -
In 1619 he was deposed by the Protestant diet. This and the election of Frederick V began the Thirty Years' War.
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-II-Holy-Roman-emperor) -
A revolt that began in Prague when two officers were thrown out of a window by Protestant members of the Bohemian diet.
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-bohemian-period.html -
Defensive policy
Refused the throne
Neutral treaty with Protestants
http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/m/maximilian_i_of_bavaria.html -
In 1617 Roman Catholic officials in Bohemia closed Protestant chapels, violating religious liberty. The defensors' reaction was that they called an assembly where two officials with their secretary were declared guilty and thrown out the window.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Defenestration-of-Prague-1618) -
The first major victory of the Catholics over the Protestant Union in Germany.It ended Hapsburg's constitutional rule and enabled an authoritatian government.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-White-Mountain -
He took the spread of the Thirty Years’ War as an opportunity not only for resuming hostilities against the Dutch at the end of the Twelve Years’ Truce of 1609 (1621) but also for an ambitious attempt to restore Spanish hegemony in Europe, in close alliance with the imperial branch of the Habsburg dynasty.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal -
He became a cardinal in France in 1622 and King Louis XIII chief minister in 1624. One of the greatest politicians of France. He dominated France from 1624 to 1642.
(http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/france-in-the-seventeenth-century/cardinal-richelieu/) -
The German war expands on an international level. Denmark and England came into fighting, but the Bohemian general Wallenstein won. In 1629 he withdrew by a treaty.
(http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-danish-period.html) -
Denmark was alowed to keep its won property, but it was no longer an Europian Power. Christian was forced to withraw from the war as well as the Swedish army.
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Gustavus II came into the war because of his territorial ambitions and fears that Ferdinand threatens his authority over the Baltic.
(http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-swedish-period.html) -
Protestants lost around 5,000 people, while Catholics lost around 6,000. The battle was won by the Protestants.
Commander Gustavus Adolphus died in the battle.
(http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars16011800/p/lutzen.htm) -
The war stops being all about religion and becomes political. France came to help the Protestant side and brought new hope to the German Protestants by trying to limit Hapsburg's growth.
http://thirtyyearswar.tripod.com/french.html -
The Peace of Augsburg was reestablished. Alliances between States of the Empire were prohibited. The states were unified to start an Imperial Army for the Holy Roman Empire which would fight against invading troops.
(http://thirtyyearswar30.weebly.com/treaty-of-prague.html) -
Peace treaties which brought the end to the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Westphalia -
Peace treaty that ended the Franco-Spanish war of 1648-1659. Marked as the beginning of the French hegemony.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-the-Pyrenees)
