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Ekman & Friesen
Two broad categories of cues: Leakage cues: Reveal what the underlying emotion that the liar is trying to hide. For example these revalation can be a faint smile on a person feigning sadness or pencil tapping while someone is trying to indicate attentiveness. Deception cues: cues that indicate an attempt to conceal something, but they do not indicate what is being concealed. These include body tension, smiles that last too long, taking an unusual amount of time before answering a question -
Zuckerman
This theory differs from Ekman & Friesen (1969) because it does not rely on a set of behaviors that liars would universally display. Instead focused on thoughts, feeling and psychological processes that are prominent when people are lying and the cues associated with these states: -Arousal
-Feelings while lying
-Cognitive Aspects of Deception
-Attempted Control of Verbal & Nonverbal behavior -
Ekman
Two major categories of cues: -Thinking cues: slower speech due to having to think more carefully about lies to keep a story straight. -Feeling cues: -Fear -Guilt -Duping Delight -
Butler & Burgoon
Communications perspective: to predict behavior of deceivers, do not just consider individual psychological variables such as motivations and emotions but also interpersonal communicative processes When lying people try to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously. Although keeping track of all this can be challenging at first, this challenge can dissipate over time. However they will appeare to be strategic in their repsonses. -
DePaulo, Lindsay, Malong, Muhlenbruck, Charlton, & Cooper
A self- presentational perspective: Everybody lies in everyday life to try and control the impressions that are formed on them. Therefore, all deceptive communication involves self presentation. Since we are all liars in everyday situations, cues of deception are relativeely weak except under certain conditions:
-lies about transgressions
-under conditions of high motivation to succeed
-duration of response increases cues assessed by subjective impression are more powerfully discriminative.
