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(Business) Monopolies
The monopolies during the 19th century would aim to be the sole manufacturer of a product or be able to dominate a particular industry because it could produce so much more of a product.Reasons for this was to eliminate competition and control the market but they were illegal.Trust were formed by John D. Rockefeller in order to by pass the laws against monopolies so that he could form the Standard Oil Trust.The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed in 1890 to stop theses virtual monopolies. -
(Work/Labor) Social Darwinism
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. Social Darwinism was used to put down the lower class and to justify the actions of the wealthy. -
(Industry) Child Labor
Children were useful as laborers because their size which allowed them to move in small spaces in factories or mines where adults couldn’t fit, children were easier to manage and control and most importantly, children could be paid less than adults. Child laborers worked to help support their families, but couldn't pursue an education. -
(Business) Lazes Faire
abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market. This would allow for people such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller to become robber barons and rule their perspective markets. These Barons would raise the prices of their goods, decrease the amount they would pay their employees, and buy out or use shifty methods to obtain control parts of the market. Eventually people would rise up to fight and bring the federal government to regulate the Robber Barons. -
Vertical Intergration
The combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies. Before the civil war almost all businesses were owned and managed by the same people. Rockefeller was the first to implement the vertical integration he would controlled all phases of production for his oil companies by controlling the acquisition processing and production of oil to its final product so he could sell the oil for more while the production cost decreased. -
Horizontal Intergration
Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. Carnegie was the first to do this with his steel monopoly buying out his competition and using their resources to make the production of steel more efficient and cheaper for himself. Rockefeller would also use this method for period. -
(Business) Robber Barons
person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices. Examples of Robber Barons are Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt among others were robber barons. They used political manipulation and worker exploitation to get what they wanted.The bigger Robber Barons would later become philanthropist to immortalize themselves in there communities -
(Lifestyle) YMCA
The Young Men's Christian Association was founded in London, England,on June 6,1844, in response to unhealthy social conditions arising in the big cities at the end of the Industrial Revolution.Growth of the railroads and centralization of commerce and industry brought many rural young men who needed jobs into cities like London.They worked 10 to 12 hours a day, six days a week.George Williams among others founded the YMCA. The YMCA contributed to the community by building housing, kitchens etc. -
(Business) Department Stores
Goods organized into different departments are what department stores in the19th were.They offered free delivery, money back guarantees and discounts for people who bought in bulk and also had a fixed price on goods.The first Five and Dime stores by Frank Winfield Woolworth offered larger discounts on goods that would help immigrants afford goods.These stores would compete the mail order catolouge which offered more goods,in a wider variety and at a cheaper price than the department stores. -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Darwinism
The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring. School boards debate whether the theory of evolution should be taught alongside other ideas, such as intelligent design or creationism. -
(Western Romanticism) Western Dime Novels
Western Dime Novels were extremely popular in america even though they were formulaic including fiction stories on detectives, military, and early science but, they did give Americans a relate-able hero to look up to. Author could stand to make 1,000 dollars per story and were made with extreme amounts of pages and were written within a small time frame.There were also female writers such Ann S. Stephens author of Beadle's Dime Novel "Maleska: The Indian Wife Of The White Hunter". -
Period: to
Transforming the West
America begins populating its western territories in this one. Adding incentives to go west with the homestead act giving 160 acres to any and all. The Morrill Land Grant would fund new universities in underpopulated areas and the transcontinental railroad to get people from one side of the country to the other. However this expansion had its faults with the exploitation of Native, African, Chinese americans -
(Transcontinental Railroad) Union Pacific
The Pacific Railroad Act charted the Union Pacific company with building one half of the transcontinental railroad that would link the eastern and western half of the United States. This would take 7 years and would start in Omaha, Nebraska and end in Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869. The Union Pacific company suffered from Native american attacks and settlements showed up in the wake of the railroad where the workers got drunk, gambled, prostituted, and violence. Also exploited settlers -
(Transcontinental Railroad) Central Pacific
The Pacific Railroad Act charted the Central Pacific company with building one half of the transcontinental railroad that would link the eastern and western half of the United States. This would take 7 years and would start in Sacramento, California and end in Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869. Charles Crocker would begin hiring Chinese laborers that arrived due to the gold rush they were harder workers and were willing to work in conditions to harsh for the previous workers. -
(Western Settlement) Homestead Act
The homestead act was the governments way to incentivize populating the west with small farms. It would give 160 acres to any who were willing to settle in the west. It would grant land to any american citizen with a family who could a registrar fee and live on the land for 5 years or pay $1.25 per acre and they would obtain the land in 6 months. . -
(Western Settlement) Morrill Land Grant College Act
The Morrill act was sponsored by Vermont congressman Justin Morrill and signed in the year 1862. It gives public land to states which can make colleges that teach agriculture and mechanical arts. Each of these states were given 30,000 acres for every congressional delegation they had. These states could sell this land and use this profit to fund the colleges that would teach agriculture and mechanical arts. Cornell University, University of Wisconsin, University of Houston are some examples. -
(People) Native Whites
The whites "native" to america after the civil war began expanding west. On the promise of land many would expand west to farm or go to California, Arkansas, and the midwest to mine for gold and other prospects. -
(People) Native Americans
The Native Americans were a proud people who were as the name implies were native to america.They had a close relationship with their environment only ever taking what they needed and preserving the areas they called home.They used all parts of the animals they killed fashioning the bones in to weapons and decorations, using the pelts for clothing and shelter, and eating the meat. They believed in spirits and had gods that represent different aspects of nature and would pray to them for blessing -
(Conflict) Native American
During the 19th century the native Americans have been nearly wiped out the last of which were the plains Indians.In order to finish of the remaining Native Americans we would give them blankets with diseases that they have no immunity to since they are isolated from most other societies and kill the buffalo and skin the buffalo that they deepened on for there survival. The astonishing difference in technology also contributed to the Native American downfall with our locomotives, guns etc. -
(Transcontinental Railroad) Worker Exploitation (Chinese)
Many Chinese had arrived to america during the California Gold Rush. In 1865 Charles Crocker leader of the Central Pacific began hiring Chinese workers as there was a decline in workers due to the difficulty of the work. The Chinese workers were tasked with blasting tunnels and setting ties over long on dangerous sierra terrain where the majority lost their lives. They lived in simple shelters and cooked fish, dried oysters, fruits, mushrooms, and seaweed. By 1868 Chinese workers were 2/3 of 4 k -
Period: to
Becoming An Industrial Power
America goes Industrial with the light bulb, Telephone, and mass production of steel put it at number 1 in Industrialism in the world . After the civil war we get more railroads more innovations and more money. -
(Economy) Cattle
The Longhorn is not indigenous to north america originally and are a mix of Spanish and English cows and those cattle were herded north and left to defend themselves. Cowboys would be used to transport these cattle long distances usually for trade in the north where the price increased ten fold from $4 in the south to $40 in the north. Longhorns would trample over farm land angering farm owners during cattle drives that were often long and dangerous. -
(Economy) Railroads
The beginning of the railroads was due to the pacific railway act that would allow the construction of the transcontinental railroad .Federal government land grants helped fund the railroads and would allow them to sell the land for money.These railroads would link the country together and allow for faster transportation of goods and people timezone would be made so that people could coordinate pick up times and promote rural growth relying on trains to bring goods. -
(Conflict) Indian Appropriation Act
In order to weaken the power of the Native American tribes congress passed the Indian Appropriation Act. This would no longer allow for Native tribes to independent nations this was going to weaken the Native american culture. -
(Economy) Farmers
Farmers during the 19th century faced falling crop prices due to the railroads boosting economic growth and increased farm land. Railroads would charge farmers full price for a cart while other businesses would get a massive discount. A shortage of money most being held by monopolies would make it harder for people to afford their crops and would lead to farmers forming alliances like the National Farmers Alliance and industrial union to regulate to practices and bring up crop prices -
(Growing Cities) Slums
Tightly packed (334k per sq. mi. NY) families didn't make enough to live. Wide spread crime such as prostitution, theft, and murder. most were committed by young single men lack of an effective identification system allowed them to keep their anonymity. Tenements are multiple family dwelling (4-6 stories) that were poorly ventilated, lit, breeding grounds for disease. Rents would soar due to the overpopulation and people were evicted for falling behind. -
(Reform) Upton Sinclair
The Jungle, where an idealistic immigrant goes to work in the Chicago stockyards.The novel’s gritty portrayal of labor abuses and unsanitary conditions led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.He fought for leftist reforms in the 1930s and 1940s. Meanwhile he wrote a series of 11 novels looking at contemporary history In 1942, his book Dragon’s Teeth, portraying Germany’s descent into Nazism in the 1930s, won the Pulitzer Prize. -
(Inventions/Products) Light Bulb
Originally invented by Thomas edition the light bulb gave people control over the lighting in the area. Now businesses can work around the clock making shifts a reality with people working at night and the day. as the demand for light bulbs increased their prices decreased and the need for electrical wiring increased which would slow their immediate adoption into the american lifestyle. -
(People) African Americans
After the collapse of the Reconstruction era many Africans faced Black codes and Jim Crow laws because of this they would go west and call themselves Exodusters after the bible testament exodus believing they were Israelite's fleeing from Egypt .This was the first migration of African Americans after the civil war as many went to Kansas on the promise of land and its history with abolitionist. Kansas was also cheap and not far from the south. -
(Women) Carrie A. Nation
Prohibitionist Cary Nation smashes up the bar at the Carey Hotel in Wichita, Kansas causing several thousand dollars in damage and landing in jail Nation who was released shortly after the incident became famous for carrying a hatchet and wrecking saloons as part of her anti-alcohol crusade In 1880 Kansas became ban the making and sale of alcohol. the prohibition was enforced poorly many saloon owners ignoring the ban Nation came to believe she needed to use violence in order to make an impact -
(People) Immigrants
Many immigrants came to america for a better chance at life and many found it but not without discrimination.Irish were seen as lazy and drunk and the bottom society as they competed with native whites for jobs living in more urban areas.Chinese were seen as sub humans and found it hard to make a living in america especially after the gold rush,transcontinental railroad,and the Chinese exclusion act which restricted Chinese immigration into the Americas.Germans, Swedes, and Nords went rural -
(Populism) Pendelton Act
The Pendleton Act of 1883 is a federal law enacted by the United States, which established that federal government positions should be awarded to candidates based on their merit, not based on their political party. the Act set up a system of civil service exams, in order to limit considerations of political affiliations or support.after the assassination of president James Garfield by Charles J. Guiteau who believed he earned a federal position after significantly helping James Garfield. -
(Western Romanticism) Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
Buffalo Bill's Wild West show was started by William F. Cody in Omaha Nebraska. His Show included real frontier characters,real Indians,fancy shooting,and horses.His success was due to his personality,Dramatic improvisation, and luck.The show would recreate Native American lifestyles,the battle of little big horn,attacks on stagecoaches,and the wagon train. Buffalo Bill's Wild West show was not limited to america it also went Europe and took performances from the east such as Arabian acrobats. -
The American Federation of Labor
The American Federation of Labor was organized in 1886. Its president was Samuel Gompers, who served until 1925. During Gompers' presidency, the AFL had more than 4 million members by 1920, after which it declined until 1933,to no more than 2 million.The purpose of the AFL was to organize skilled workers into national unions consisting of others in the same trade. Their purpose was not political, and aimed at shorter hours, higher wages, and better working conditions. -
(Working/Labor) Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor began as a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia in 1869. Grand Master Workman Terence V. Powderly took office in 1879, and under his leadership the Knights flourished; by 1886 the group had 700,000 members. Powderly dispensed with the earlier rules of secrecy and committed the organization to seeking the eight-hour day, abolition of child labor, equal pay for equal work, and political reforms including the graduated income tax. -
Haymarket Riot
On May 4, 1886, a labor protest near Chicago’s Haymarket Square turned into a riot after a bomb was thrown at police. At least eight people died because of the violence that day. Despite a lack of evidence against them, eight radical labor activists were arrested in connection with the bombing. The Haymarket Riot was viewed a setback for organized labor movements in America, which was fighting for rights such as the eight-hour workday. -
(Political Machine) Political Machine
Political machines control the activities of political parties in the city. Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure that their candidates were elected; make sure that city government worked to their advantage. They would take immigrants and make them vote multiple times by changing there appearance.In return these immigrants would gain more job opportunities however, this was voters fraud and illegal. The most famous was boss tweed of Tammany hall in new York city. -
(Assimilation & Dissent) Dawes Severalty Act
The Dawes Severalty act split up reservations where NativeAmerican lived into smaller areas and were given to certain people within the tribe.It also changed the legal status of NativeAmericans from tribesmen to people who are affected by American Laws and and rid any tribe affiliations.This was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland and was going to encourage Native Americans to join American agriculture culture. Each family gained 160 acres for 25 years if they passed a competency test. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
the period of glitter on the surface but corrupt underneath. In popular view, the late 19th century was a period of greed and guile: of Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate leaders, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and distasteful display. -
(Reform) Muckrakers
Muckrakers targeted injustices brought on by the large increase of immigrants, the rapid growth of the cities, unregulated big business and the influence of political machines, as well as many other social problems.Journalists described immigrant ghettoes and the poor living conditions of tenement housing. Influential Muckrakers were Upton Sinclair - the Jungle, Ida Tarbell - The History of the Standard Oil Company, Jacob Riis among others. -
Pullman Strike
railroad strikes and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States in June-July 1894.The federal response to the strikes marked the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike.On June 28 President Grover Cleveland and Congress created a national holiday Labor Day. In response to the economic depression in 1893 the Pullman Palace Car Company cut the low wages of its workers by 25 percent but did not reduce its rents and other charges at Pullman -
Election of 1896
election of November 3, 1896, saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history. the election that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System. McKinley forged a coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers and prosperous farmers were heavily represented -
(Economy) Mining
The Klondike Gold rush started when Skookum Jim Mason, Dawson Charlie and George Washington Carmack found gold in Klondike River in Canada's Yukon. Word of this got back to america and droves of people got on boats in the pacific coast to Alaska and travel 600 miles. Most men died at Chillkoot Trail in all forms from suicide to murder. The white pass trail killed 3,000 animals. When the men got to the goldfields most of the land was already taken but later found gold at Nome,Alaska -
(Inventions/Products) Sears Catalog
The sear catalog was made by sear roebuck who started the business around selling watches to railroad companies.He would expand his inventory and influence across the country selling a variety of goods for a cheaper price than the department store.Families in rural areas would use this to acquire goods originally only available in the urban areas such as pianos and electric sewing machine.He used the railroad and eventually the U.S.postal service to deliver goods Montgomery ward only competition -
(Spanish American) U.S.S. Maine Inccident
Amassive unknown explosion sinks the battleshipUSSMaine in CubasHavana harbor killing260 of the fewer than400American crew members aboard An officialU.S.NavalCourt ofInquiry ruled inMarch that the ship was blown up by a mine without directly placing the blame onSpain diplomatic failures to resolve theMaine matter coupled withUnitedStates disgust overSpains brutal suppression of theCuban rebellion and continued losses toAmerican investment led to the outbreak of theSpanishAmericanWar in April1898 -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Al Capone
In 1920 during the height of Prohibition, Capone’s multi-million dollar Chicago operation in bootlegging, prostitution and gambling dominated the organized crime scene. Capone was responsible for many brutal acts of violence, mainly against other gangsters. The most famous of these was the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929, in which he ordered the assassination of seven rivals. Capone was never indicted for his racketeering but was finally brought to justice for income-tax evasion in 1931. -
(Imperialist Policy) Boxer Revoultion
the Boxer Rebellion, a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property. -
(Flight) Charles Lindbergh
Charles A. Lindbergh rose to fame by piloting his monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, on the first nonstop flight from New York to Paris in 1927. After the kidnap and murder of his infant son, he moved to Europe in the 1930s and became involved with German aviation developments. Appointed a reserve brigadier general by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1954, Lindbergh assisted in selecting sites for air bases overseas until turning to environmental causes late in life -
(Women) Muller vs. Oregon
Oregon passed a law that said that women could work no more than 10 hours a day in factories and laundries. A woman at Muller's laundry was required to work more than 10 hours. Muller was convicted of violating the law went to SCOTUS Muller enabled the Court to approve some state reforms. It also showed that making the justices aware of social and economic conditions could help win their approval. Lawyers in Brown v. Board of Education and many other cases followed the path Brandeis created. -
Henry Ford
Ford established the Ford Motor Company, and five years later the company made the first Model T. In order to meet overwhelming demand for the Model T Ford introduced new mass-production methods, including large production plants the use of standardized interchangeable parts and in 1913 the world’s first moving assembly line for cars. Ford drew controversy for his pacifist stance during the early years of World War I and earned widespread criticism for his anti-Semitic views and writings. -
(Progressive Era) Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt confronted the struggle between management and labor head-on and became known as the “trust buster” for his efforts to break up industrial combinations under the Sherman Antitrust Act. In the foreign policy area, Roosevelt won a Nobel Peace Prize for his negotiations that ended the Russo-Japanese War and spearheaded the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal. The square deal focused primarily on controlling corporations, the conservation of nature, and public welfare. -
(United States as a Neutral Power) Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910, ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic. A number of groups, led by revolutionaries including Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, participated in the long and costly conflict. Though a constitution drafted in 1917 formalized many of the reforms sought by rebel groups, periodic violence continued into the 1930s. -
(Women) Margret Sanger
Sanger started her campaign to educate women about sex in 1912 by writing a newspaper column called What Every Girl Should Know.She also worked as a nurse on the Lower East Side at the time a predominantly poor immigrant neighborhood. Through her work, Sanger treated a number of women who had undergone back-alley abortions or tried to self terminate their pregnancies. Sanger hated the suffering endured by these women, and she fought to make birth control information and contraceptives available. -
(The War) Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson,the 28th U.S. president, served in office from 1913 to 1921. Wilson was a college professor, university president and Democratic governor of New Jersey before the White House.His agenda of progressive reform included the Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission. Wilson tried to keep the United States neutral during World War I but ultimately called on Congress to join. After the war, he helped negotiate a peace treaty that included a plan for the League of Nations (14 points). -
(The War) Trench Warfare
Trench warfare is a form of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy’s small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front, protected from assault by barbed wire. The area between opposing trench lines (“no man’s land”) was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides. -
(World War 1) Alliances
While insisting thatRussia haltmobilizing against AustriaGermany beganmobilizing when theRussians refused theGerman demandsGermany declared war on czarist empire onAugust 1Russia’s allyFrance suspicious ofGerman aggression began mobilizing OnAugust 2German units crossed intoLuxembourg as part of long-plannedGerman strategy to invadeFrance through neutralBelgiumFrance andGermany declared waragainst eachother onAugust 3 that nightGermany invadedBelgium promptingGreatBritain todeclare war onGermany -
(World War 1) Archduke Frans Ferdinad
In an event that is widely acknowledged to have sparked the outbreak of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is shot to death along with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on 1914. The archduke traveled to Sarajevo in June 1914 to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and peace between Europe’s great powers collapsed. -
(The War) Women in Factories
large numbers of women were recruited into jobs vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war. New jobs were also created as part of the war effort, for example in munitions factories. The high demand for weapons resulted in the munitions factories becoming the largest single employer of women during 1918. the introduction of conscription in 1916 made the need for women workers urgent. women worked in former men jobs postal workers, police, firefighters and as bank ‘tellers’ and clerks. -
Period: to
World War 1
World War I began in 1914, after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States. new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people soldiers and civilians alike were dead. -
(World War) RMS Lusitania
On May 7, 1915, less than a year after World War I , a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool, England Of the more than 1,900 passengers and crew members on board, more than 1,100 perished, including more than 120 Americans. Nearly two years would pass before the United States formally entered World War I but the sinking of the Lusitania played a significant role in turning public opinion against Germany, in the United States -
(The War) Shell Shock
Post-traumatic stress disorder was a major military issue during World War I, it was known as “shell shock.”The term itself appeared in the medical journal The Lancet in Feb. 1915, some six months after the “Great War” began. Capt. Charles Myers of the Royal Army Medical Corps documented soldiers who experienced a range of severe symptoms including anxiety, nightmares, tremor, and impaired sight and hearing after being exposed to exploding shells on the battlefield. Believed cause was explosion -
(World War) Sussex Pledge
March 1916 German U-boat captains spotted the French vessel Sussex It was a civilian liner a ferry but the Germans believed the Sussex was a military craft laying mines to destroy German ships Ultimately 80 people died including two American citizens President Wilson was furious at this breaking of the Arabic Pledge On April 19 Wilson demanded the Germans cease immediately in targeting civilian passenger vessels If they refused he warned the US would break off diplomatic relations with Germany -
(The War) Great Migration
The Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from about 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by poor economic opportunities and harsh segregation laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers during the First World War. African Americans actively confronting racial prejudice as well as economic, political and social challenges -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Marcus Garvey
Born in Jamaica, Marcus Garvey after arriving in New York in 1916, he founded the Negro World newspaper, an international shipping company called Black Star Line and the Negro Factories Corporation. During the 1920s, his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was the largest organization in African-American history. arrested for mail fraud by the U.S. Justice Department in 1923, he spent two years in prison before being deported to Jamaica, and later died in London. -
(America as a Neutral power) Zimmerman Telegram
intercepted and deciphered by British intelligence Arthur Zimmermann German foreign secretary instructed the ambassador Count Johann von Bernstorff to offer financial aid to Mexico agreed to fight U.S as a German ally If victorious in the conflict Germany also promised to restore to Mexico the lost territories of Texas New Mexico and Arizona US President Woodrow Wilson learned of the telegram on February 26 the next day he proposed to Congress that the U.S should prepare for war against Germany -
(The War) Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was amoung the most explosive political events of the twentieth century. The violent revolution marked the end and murder of the Romanov dynasty and centuries of Russian Imperial rule. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by leftist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the tradition of csarist rule. The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This revolution would force Russia out of the war -
(The War) Espionage Act
two months after joining World War I against Germany, the United States Congress passes the Espionage Act. Enforced largely by A. Mitchell Palmer, the United States attorney general under President Woodrow Wilson, the Espionage Act made it a crime for any person to spread information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country’s enemies. Anyone found guilty of would be fined $10,000 and a prison sentence of 20 years. -
(The War) AEF
May 1917, General John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was the supreme commander of the American army in France, and the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were created. the AEF did not fully participate until October, when the First Division, one of the best-trained divisions of the AEF, entered the trenches at Nancy, France. Pershing wanted an American force that could operate independently of the other Allies, but he couldn't until trained troops with sufficient supplies reached Europe. -
(The War) Spanish Flu
The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, is deadliest in history, it infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide about one-third of the planet’s population and killed an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims, including 675,000 Americans. The 1918 flu was first seen in Europe the United States and parts of Asia before swiftly spreading around the world People were ordered to wear masks schools theaters and businesses were closed and bodies piled up in makeshift morgues before the virus ended -
(The War) Sedition Act
Espionage Act of the previous year the Sedition Act was made by A Mitchell Palmer for socialists pacifists and anti-war people the Sedition Act made it criminal anyone found guilty of making false statements that messed with the moral of the war insulting or abusing the US government the flag the Constitution or the military agitating against the production of necessary war materials or advocating teaching or defending any of these acts $10k or imprisonment for not more than twenty years or both -
(The War) Treaty Versailles
Negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany, its 15 parts and 440 articles limited German boundaries and assigned liability for compinsation. After strict enforcement for five years, the French assented to the modification of important provisions. Germany agreed to pay reparations under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan, but those plans were cancelled in 1932, and Hitler’s rise to power and actions rendered moot the remaining terms of the treaty. -
(The War) Edith Wilson
Edith Wilson never left Woodrow, working together from a private, upstairs office. He gave her access to the classified document drawer and secret wartime code, and let her screen his mail. At the President’s insistence, the First Lady sat in on his meetings, after which she gave him assessments of political figures and foreign representatives. She denied his advisors access to him if she determined the President couldn’t be disturbed.When Woodrow suffered a stroke Edith setup stewardship. -
(Women) 18th Ammendment
prohibition movements had sprung across the nation, driven by religious groups who considered alcohol, specifically drunkenness, a threat. The movement got Congress to approve the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the making, transportation and sale of alcohol. Prohibition was difficult to enforce and failed to eliminate crime and drunkenness, it led to a rise in organized crime, as the bootlegging of alcohol became popular. In 1933, Congress approved the 21st Amendment, which repealed Prohibition. -
(Women) 19th Ammendment
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was approved on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca Falls Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.Stanton and Mott, along with Susan B. Anthony and other activists, raised public awareness and lobbied the government to grant voting rights to women -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Tea Pot Dome Scandal
The Teapot Dome Scandal of the 1920s revealing a high level of greed and corruption within the federal government. The scandal involved oil tycoons, poker-playing politicians, illegal liquor sales, a murder-suicide, a womanizing president and bribery cash delivered on the side In the end, the scandal would empower the Senate to conduct rigorous investigations into government corruption. It also marked the first time a U.S. cabinet official served jail time for a felony committed while in office -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Sacco and Vansetti
a paymaster for a shoe company in South Braintree, Massachusetts, was shot and killed along with his guard.Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and charged with the crime. Authorities had no evidence of the stolen money, and the other evidence was discredited. protests in Massachusetts and around the world called for their release,after Celestino Madeiros, under a sentence for murder, confessed in 1925 that he had participated in the crime with the Joe Morelli gang. they would be executed -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Warren Harding
The 29th U.S. president, Warren Harding was president for 3 years before dying of a heart attack Hardings presidency was overrun by the criminal activities of some of his cabinet members although he himself was not involved. In 1920 he won the general election promising a “return to normalcy” after World War I he favored pro-business policies and limited immigration After Harding’s death the Teapot Dome Scandal and other instances of corruption came to light damaging his reputation -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Immigration act of 1924
Many Americans saw the enormous increase of unskilled, uneducated immigrants during the early 1900s as causing unfair competition for jobs and land. Under the new law, immigration remained open to those with a college education and/or special skills, but entry was denied to Mexicans, and disproportionately to Eastern and Southern Europeans and Japanese. At the same time, the law allowed for more immigration from Northern European nations such as Britain, Ireland and Scandinavian countries. -
(Assimilation & Dissent) Indian Citizenship Act
The american citizenship act gave Native Americans born within the United States borders to be official citizens of America. Before this the only way a Native American could become a citizen was by marrying white males or through military service. -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Scopes monkey Trial
In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called “Monkey Trial” begins with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law. George Rappalyea and Scopes had planned to get charged with this violation, and after his arrest attorney Clarence Darrow agreed to join the ACLU in the defense. Dayton took on a carnival-like atmosphere as an exhibit featuring two chimpanzees and vendors sold Bibles, toy monkeys, hot dogs, and lemonade. -
(The Great Depression) Huey Long
Huey Long was a corrupt Louisiana governor and U.S. senator. A successful lawyer. Long dominated virtually every governing institution within Louisiana, using that power to expand programs for underdeveloped infrastructure and social services. He entered the U.S. Senate in 1935, where he developed a following for his promises of a radical redistribution of wealth. Long had launched his own national political organization and was prepared to run for the presidency when he was killed. -
(The Great Depression) Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover America’s 31st president, took office in 1929, the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression. Hoover bore much of the blame in the minds of Americans. As the Depression deepened, Hoover failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the government to address it. the president was widely viewed as callous and insensitive toward the suffering of millions of Americans. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1939 and was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world It began after the stock market crash of October 1929 which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors Over the next several years consumer spending and investment dropped causing steep declines in industrial output and employment as failing companies laid off workers 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half the country’s banks had failed -
(Politics and Popular Culture) Harlem Renaisance
The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as a black cultural mecca in the early 20th Century and the subsequent social and artistic explosion that resulted. Lasting roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s, the period is considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and ar -
(The Great Depression) Dust Bowl
drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930s. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions. -
(African American) Abram Smith
a crowd gathered in front of an Indiana jail demanding that the sheriff release three prisoners. Three African-American teenagers: Tom Shipp, Abe Smith, and James Cameron charged with the murder of a white man and the rape of white woman.Some among the thousands of people in front of the jail formed a mob. They beat down the jail doors, pulled them from their cells beat them, and dragged them to a tree.Smith and Shipp died, lynch ropes around their necks, their bodies hanging -
(The Great Depression) Franklin D Roosevelt
Franklin D Roosevelt 32nd president in 1932 the country was in the depths of the Great Depression Roosevelt immediately acted to restore public confidence with the first 100 days proclaiming a bank holiday and speaking directly to the public in a series of radio broadcasts or “fireside chats” His ambitious slate of New Deal programs and reforms redefined the role of the federal government in the lives of Americans He radiated confidence even though he was afflicted with polio for his presidency -
(The Great Depression) Elanor Roosevelt
First lady Eleanor Roosevelt married Franklin Roosevelt, her fifth cousin in 1905. By the 1920s. In the White House, she was one of the most active first ladies in history and worked for political, racial and social justice. After President Roosevelt’s death, Eleanor was a delegate to the United Nations and continued to serve as an advocate for a wide range of human rights issues. She remained active in Democratic causes and was a prolific writer until her death at age 78. -
(The Great Depression) 21st Ammendment
The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. The 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, repealing the 18th Amendment and bringing an end to the era of national prohibition of alcohol in America. -
(The Great Depression) Glass Stegall Act
the Banking Act of 1933, it was one of the landmark pieces of legislation associated with Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. The measure established the concept of deposit insurance and set up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to provide it. Glass-Steagall2 also erected a firewall between commercial banks, which take deposits and make loans, and investment banks, which organize the sale of bonds and stocks -
(The Great Depression) 20th Ammendment
The Twentieth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution addresses the terms of elected Federal officials, including the President, Vice-President, and members of Congress. Specifically, it defines the actual dates on which those terms begin and end. The 20th Amendment also provides for guidelines to be followed in the scenario that there is no President-elect. The Twentieth Amendment was ratified into the U.S. Constitution on January 23, 1933. -
(The Great Depression) Wagner Act
guarantee employees “the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid and protection. the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) could arbitrate deadlocked labor-management disputes, guarantee democratic union elections, and penalize unfair labor practices by employers. -
(Depression) Supreme Court Packing
On February 5, 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt announced a controversial plan to expand the Supreme Court to 15 judges,to make it more efficient. Critics immediately charged that Roosevelt was trying to “pack” the court and thus neutralize Supreme Court justices hostile to his New Deal. If FDR had waited his plan might have been passed however his excitement proved the downfall of his New Deal and will be his biggest failure -
(African American) Eugenics
Eugenics is the science of improving the human species by selectively mating people with specific desirable hereditary traits.Early supporters of eugenics believed people inherited mental illness, criminal tendencies and even poverty, and that these conditions could be bred out of the gene pool.between 25 and 50 percent of Native Americans were sterilized between 1970 and 1976. It’s thought some sterilizations happened without consent during other surgical procedures such as an appendectomy. -
(Reform) 17th Ammendment
prior to the 17th Amendment, the Senate was infamously known as 'the millionaires' club.' This was because to get into the Senate was through the state legislatures. And since state legislatures, like other political institutions, were notoriously corrupt at the time, the path to the Senate quickly became who could buy their way in.The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote
