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Homestead act
The homestead act was created in an attempt to help populate the west. Settlers were to receive 160 acres of land if they improved it for 5 years. Landless farmers, former slaves, and women took advantage and settled. -
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Transforming the west
The west was being settled and more culture was being created. -
Morrill Land Grant College Act
Put colleges in rural areas to promote agriculture. Funded new universities in sparsely populated areas (usually the west) through Texas on the sale of public land. -
Worker Exploitation
Immigrants faced racism and violence. They were put to work in factories for lower wages and had their land taken away. Whites later came to exclude them pass an act that created quotas to protect white workers. -
Salvation Army
The Salvation Army was founded in London's East End in 1865 by one-time Methodist Reform Church minister William Booth and his wife Catherine as the East London Christian Mission. The name "The Salvation Army" developed from an incident on 19 and 20 May. -
Killing of Buffalo
Buffalos were the source of native life. The buffalo were almost hunted to extinction and only a few thousand were left by late 1880s. Government later signs more treaties with western natives, treaties which protected hunting grounds as well as the beginning of reservations. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
America was becoming industrialized -
Farmers' Alliance
The Farmers Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in 1875. The movement included several parallel but independent political organizations — the National Farmers' Alliance among the white and black farmers of the Midwest and High Plains, where the Granger movement had been strong, and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, consisting of the African American farmers of the South. -
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The Gilded Age
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Telephone
The invention of the telephone was the culmination of work done by many individuals, and involved an array of lawsuits founded upon the patent claims of several individuals and numerous companies. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. -
Exodusters
Former slaves who migrated west for a better opportunity, some were successful but many will settle on bad land and lacked money. They will later relocate back to the south or continue out further west. -
Death
Death on the job was much more common in the late 18th and going into the 19th century. Child labor was big and strikes became a thing. Children, being smaller, were sent to reach things adults couldn't. The machines were not stopped because it meant money being lost. So when a kid would be sent to grease the gears they would often get crushed and killed. -
Child labor
In addition, the influx of immigrants, beginning with the Irish in the 1840s and continuing after 1880 with groups from southern and eastern Europe, provided a new pool of child workers. ... Determined efforts to regulate or eliminate child labor have been a feature of social reform in the United States since 1900. -
Unskilled Labor
Many immigrants who arrived in America during the Civil War had some money and an education. They traveled from their home countries and took advantage of opportunities to purchase Western land or establish themselves in a chosen profession. During the late 1800s, immigrants were poorer and had to settle in factory towns to take the unskilled jobs that mass-industrial growth had created. Unskilled workers also found work as fruit and vegetable pickers on farms. -
Assassination of Garfield
Tragedy struck the nation’s capital on July 2, 1881, when a drifter named Charles Guiteau shot newly inaugurated President James A. Garfield in the back at a downtown train station. Garfield would cling to life for 80 agonizing days, but a severe infection—most likely brought on by unsanitary medical practices—eventually led to his death. -
Chinese exclusion act
Chinese faced racism and violence already, and they were now to be banned from further immigration to the U.S. as they were seen to be taking over in population. Immigration Quotas were even further limiting the amount of immigrants. -
Immigration Quotas
Immigration quotas were created in order to protect "white workers". Many were blaming immigrants for the lack of jobs available to whites. Only a small percentage of immigrants were now being accepted into the United States. -
Haymarket-Riot
The Haymarket riot weakened the knights of labor. Protests planned for killed strikers at Haymarket Sg. Chicago. 300 police came to break up the crowd. Bombs exploded near police, angry police attacked the crowd with batons and guns, 7 police dead. Press historically proclaim riot! -
Labor Unions
Labor unions in the United States are organizations that represent workers in many industries recognized under US labor law. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level. -
Coca Cola
In 1886, Coca-Cola was invented by a pharmacist named John Pemberton, otherwise known as "Doc." He fought in the Civil War, and at the end of the war he decided he wanted to invent something that would bring him commercial success.
In his time, the soda fountain was rising in popularity as a social gathering spot. Temperance was keeping patrons out of bars, so making a soda-fountain drink just made sense.
And this was when Coca-Cola was born. -
Cattle
Cattle drives were getting popular. Longhorns(a mixture of Spanish and English cows) were popular on American dinner tables. $40 per animal in the north, only $4 in the south. Long drives because no railroad went south into Texas. -
Native Americans
Hundreds of native tribes still roam the plains, northwest, and south-west. Introduction of the horse changed the range of Plains Indians. Increased conflict with other tribes and white settlers. Buffalo central to survival. -
Native Whites
Farmers wanted to expand their lands and profits. Miners, soldiers, or railroad workers who decided to stay. Mormons -
Progressives
The Progressives believed that the growth of industries and the growth of cities caused social problems for our society. They believed the government had to be involved in solving these problems. ... The Progressives believed that people should be more involved in political matters. -
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism, the theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature. According to the theory, which was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the weak were diminished and their cultures delimited while the strong grew in power and in cultural influence over the weak. -
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Progressive era
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Imperialism
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Silver act
Under the Act, the federal government purchased millions of ounces of silver, with issues of paper currency. In 1890, the price of silver dipped to $1.16 per ounce. By the end of the year, it had fallen to $0.69. By December 1894, the price had dropped to $0.60. On November 1, 1895, US mints halted production of silver coins, and the government closed the Carson City Mint. Banks discouraged the use of silver dollars. -
Depression of 1893
The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. -
Pullman strike
The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in Pullman, Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages. -
The election of 1896
The United States presidential election of 1896 was the 28th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1896. Former Governor William McKinley, the Republican candidate, defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan. The 1896 campaign, which took place during an economic depression known as the Panic of 1893, was a realigning election that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System. -
Cuba's independence
The Spanish-American War lasted only a few months and was over when Spain signed a peace treaty giving the United States control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam. Cuba, however, became an independent country rather than a U.S. territory. -
U.S.S. Maine Incident
USS Maine (ACR-1) was an American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban revolt against Spain, an event that became a major political issue in the United States.
Commissioned in 1895, this was the first United States Navy ship to be named after the state of Maine. Originally classified as an armored cruiser, she was built in response to the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo and the increase of naval forces in Latin America. It's sinking caused americans to hate the spanish. -
Treaty of paris 1898
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire, especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. -
White men's burden
The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands" by Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine–American War, in which he invites the United States to assume colonial control of that country. -
The wizard of oz
The political interpretations focus on the first three and emphasize the close relationship between the visual images and the storyline to the political interests of the day. Biographers report that Baum had been a political activist in the 1890s with a special interest in the money question of gold and silver, and the illustrator William Wallace For the 1901 Broadway production Baum inserted explicit references to prominent political characters such as President Theodore Roosevelt. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American captain of industry and a business magnate, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. He is famous for making cars affordable to the middle class with his Model-T and is credited for being a major building block in the automotive industry. -
Teddy Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. lived from October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901,it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". -
Platt amendment
On March 2, 1901, the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish–American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions. It defined the terms of Cuban–U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal one of U.S. dominance over Cuba. -
Latin America
The Roosevelt Corollary is a proposition that follows the Monroe Doctrine created by president Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. It states that the United States can intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin America. America became heavily involved in Latin America and gained influence over Latin American countries. -
Japan
Japan was modern and strong. They were in the Russo- Japanese war and embarrassed the Russians. Roosevelt worried about Japanese-American relations, and the Japanese were insulted. -
Faster steel ships
In the early 1900s, passenger ships catered to these customers by providing extravagant spaces at sea on a par with fine hotels and restaurants. Britain, Germany, and France competed to create showpiece “ships of state,” and new steamers appeared every few years that could lay claim to being more spacious, more luxurious, swifter, and safer than anything that had sailed before. -
Strikes- Progressive era
At the end of the nineteenth century, the average worker in the United States was unemployed for three to four months each year. Men made only four hundred or five hundred dollars each year, and both women and children often had to work so a family could survive. Factory work was usually repetitive and pressured, and work in the mines and on the railroads was often dangerous and dehumanizing. The stage was set for conflict. -
Workplace accidents
Working conditions in the early 1900s were miserable. Workers often got sick or died because of the long hours and unsanitary conditions. Workers formed unions and went on strike, and the government passes legislation to improve unsafe and inhumane conditions. Often workers would have to clean and perform maintenance on equipment while it was still running. -
China
Early in the 19th century, serious internal weaknesses developed in the Qing dynasty that left China vulnerable to Western, Meiji period Japanese, and Russian imperialism. In 1839, China found itself fighting the First Opium War with Britain. -
Territorial Aquisition
Through the Spanish-american war, america gained alot of land from Latin america and gained influence over Latin america as a whole. America was able to build the panama canal because of it. Hawaii was also gained. -
17th amendment
The Seventeenth Amendment altered the process for electing United States Senators and changed the way vacancies would be filled.
The Seventeenth Amendment had a dramatic impact on the political composition of the U.S. Senate. Before the Supreme Court required "one man, one vote" in Reynolds v. Sims (1964), malapportionment of state legislatures was common. -
European Alliances
By 1914, the six major powers of Europe were split into two alliances that would form the two warring sides in World War I. Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente, while Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy joined in the Triple Alliance. These alliances were not the sole cause of World War I, as some historians have contended, but they did play an important role in hastening Europe's rush to conflict. -
Neutral powers
Argentina, Chile(Initially), Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Venezuela, Sweden and Switzerland. Only these countries were neutral during World War I 1914-1918. The rest of the world conducted war with each other.
Argentina Claimed Neutrality but Favoured Allies(trading & port-of-call), Seized German ships
Chile allowed German Ships to stay for over 3 days( according to Neutrality act) declared war on Allies doing this. -
Weapons- WWI
WWI used trench warfare, and old tactic while using modern weaponry. They had machine guns cooled by water which prevented the lines from moving up; combined with constant mortar shells and barbed wire, it created no-mans land. Tanks were created in order to counter trench warfare, it helped break lines of trenches so men could move in and take them. Chemical weapons such as mustard gas were used for a short time but was named an illegal weapon of war. -
Trench warfare
Trench warfare was used prior to WWI and is considered an older tactic, this made it even more deadly as a blunt tactic combined with modern weapons just created a line of trenches which hardly ever moved. The tank was introduced later in the war which was used to counter trench warfare by pushing the lines and crossing no mans land. -
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World War I
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Ludlow massacre
The Ludlow Massacre was an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado, on April 20, 1914. About two dozen people, including miners' wives and children, were killed. The reported death tolls vary but include two women and eleven children, asphyxiated and burned to death under a single tent. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Astro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo leads to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers and Serbia's allies to declare war on each other, starting World War I. -
First Red Scare
The first Red Scare began following the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and the intensely patriotic years of World War I as anarchist and left-wing social agitation aggravated national, social, and political tensions. -
The Spanish Flu
The Spanish flu was a deadly virus that surged in 1918. It killed 50-100 million. More recent investigations, mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic, found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza, but that the bad circumstances (malnourishment, overcrowded medical camps, and hospitals, poor hygiene) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged deathbed -
Strikes- Gilded age
A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution when mass labor became important in factories and mines. To combat strikes, the owners of companies would often hire other people to take their place as it was cheaper than letting production stop. -
Costs of war- WWI
Nearly 10 million soldiers died and about 21 million were wounded. U.S. deaths totaled 116,516. Four empires collapsed: the Russian Empire in 1917, the German and the Austro-Hungarian in 1918, and the Ottoman in 1922. Independent republics were formed in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, and Turkey. Under the peace settlement, Germany was required to pay reparations eventually set at $33 billion. -
Paris peace conference
The Paris peace conference was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. The treaty of Versailles was discussed during the conference and Germany was decided to be the cause of the war, who accepted the blame and paid reparaations. -
Treaty of Versailles
World War I officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany, its 15 parts, and 440 articles reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations. After strict enforcement for five years, the French assented to the modification of important provisions. Germany agreed to pay reparations under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. -
Industry prize on unions
The union movement has traditionally espoused a set of values solidarity being the most important, the sense that each should look out for the interests of all. In most industrial nations the labor movement sponsored its own political parties, with the U.S. as an exception. Both major American parties vied for union votes, with the Democrats usually more succesful. Labor unions became a central element of the New Deal Coalition that dominated national politics from the 1930s into the mid-1960s. -
Mafia
The American Mafia, an Italian-American organized-crime network with operations in cities across the United States, particularly New York and Chicago, rose to power through its success in the illicit liquor trade during the 1920s Prohibition era. -
Political Boss
Numerous officeholders in that unit are subordinate to the single boss in party affairs. Reformers sometimes allege that political bosses are likely guilty of corruption. Bosses may base their power on control of a large number of votes. They do not necessarily hold public office themselves; most historical bosses did not, at least during the times of their greatest influence. -
Temperence movement
The Temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements typically criticize alcohol intoxication, promote complete abstinence (teetotalism), or use its political influence to press the government to enact alcohol laws to regulate the availability of alcohol or even its complete prohibition. -
Enforcement
In the 1920's events led to the birth of some of the most well known criminals. Segregation, prohibition, and bootlegging were some of the major causes of rise in crime. Drunks were the most popular arrests in the 1920's despite because of prohibiton. -
Diplomacy
American Diplomacy and Foreign Affairs 1919 The Treaty of Versailles was signed with Presiden Woodrow Wilson as one of the "Big Four" negotiators at the conclusion of WWI. The Washington Naval Conference was held in Washington, D.C. called by President Harding to restrain Japanese naval expansion in the waters of the west Pacific and to alleviate tensions between the British. Warren Harding was president at the time. -
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1920s
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18th amendment
The 18th amendment was completed on January 16th, 1919 and would take effect on January 17th, 1920. The 18th Amendment did not prohibit the consumption of alcohol, but rather simply the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Though even the sale was not really hindered as bootlegging became a big business. -
19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca Falls Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
The teapot dome scandal, also known as the oil reserves scandal, is in relation to the early 1920s surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall. After Pres. Warren G. Harding transferred supervision of the naval oil-reserve lands from the navy to the Department of the Interior in 1921, Fall secretly granted to Harry F. Sinclair of the Mammoth Oil Company exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome (Wyoming) reserves (April 7, 1922). -
Cars- 1920's
At the start of the 1920's cars were for the rich, when Henry Ford began making cars with his assembly line, the time it took dropped and so did the price of cars. Soon almost every American family had a car. -
Leisure
In the 1920's, the increased financial prosperity gave many Americans more disposable income to spend on entertaining themselves. This influx of cash, coupled with advancements in technology, led to new patterns of leisure. In their leisure time, people crowded into palatial movie theaters to gaze at films featuring their favorite stars. Near the end of the decade, the Great Depression would cause consumer spending to drop precipitously. -
Scopes Monkey trial
The Scopes Monkey Trial was an American legal case in July 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. The trial publicized the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy, which set Modernists against Fundamentalists. -
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh was an American pilot who is famously known for his crossing of the Atlantic ocean non-stop. His flight was from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, New York, to Paris, France. He covered the 33 1⁄2-hour, 3,600 statute miles alone in a single-engine purpose-built Ryan monoplane named the Spirit of St. Louis. -
The Crash
The Wallstreet crash of 1929 was the most devastating stock market crash in American history. It was one of the main factors which led to the Great Depression. It did not only affect America but also other countries which in turn affected even more countries. -
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The Great Depression
After the stock market crash many more problems arose that led to the great depression which later spread worldwide. -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American engineer, businessman, and politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. As president from 1929 to 1933, his domestic programs were overshadowed by the onset of the Great Depression. After his loss to F.D.R., Hoover became staunchly conservative, and advocated against Roosevelt's New Deal policies. -
The Dust Bowl
Topsoil was blown away by drought and poor farming. The southern plains were worst hit. Disy blanketed major cities, people barricaded themselves in their home. Millions of cattle died from suffocation. Hardly any agriculture was accomplished. Lasted from about 1930-1940. The government paid farmers to plant and replenish the soil. Two hundred million trees were planted from Texas to Canada. -
The election of 1832
The election took place against the backdrop of the Great Depression. Republican President Herbert Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Governor of New York. Roosevelt won by a landslide in both the electoral and popular vote, carrying every state outside of the Northeast and receiving the highest percentage of the popular vote of any Democratic nominee up to that time. -
The New Deal
F.D.R won overwhelmingly and is now president. He created something called the new deal, which was a reform to fight the great depression. The brain trust was created, he surrounded himself with smart minds and the progressive era was reignited. He created dozens of new government agencies. -
Alphabet Soup
Franklin D. Roosevelt created many new agencies which came to be known as the alphabet soup. In total, at least 100 offices were created during Roosevelt's terms of office as part of the New Deal, and "even the Comptroller-General of the United States, who audits the government's accounts, declared he had never heard of some of them. -
20th amendment
The 20th amendment changes term dates for president and Congress. Changed the presidential inauguration from March to January. This amendment was nicknamed the lame duck amendment. -
The Holocaust
To Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler’s “final solution”–now known as the Holocaust–came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland. (1933-1945) -
Relief
The federal emergency relief administration was created. FDR received many letters from destitute, he gave out supplies. Direct relief was stunted to work. States handle direct relief after 1935 and FERA fades away. -
Hitler
Hitler was a natural orator and very charismatic. He took leadership of the National Socialist Party (NAZI). He attempted a coup of the Weimar Republic and was later arrested for treason. He spends 9 months in jail were he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle). He blamed all the problems on the jews and wanted territory in eastern Europe. -
21st amendment
The 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment. Temperance failed. -
U.S. Depression hits Germany
The U.S. depression spreads worldwide and Hitler's radical ideas took hold. NAZI party membership scours to millions. Hitler is given emergency power and he bans all other political parties, he became Fuhrer in 1934. He established the Third Reich, Jews were stripped of citizenship, they couldn't attend public schools or enter public spaces. Hitler arms Germany again, nobody did anything. -
Supreme Court Packing
SCOTUS frequently shot down New Deal legislation. FDR claimed old age hampering their decisions, he proposed increasing the # of justices to 15. One for every justice over 70 that served more than 10 years. FDR wanted new deal justices. This was FDR's most drastic failure. -
Munich Conference
The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation, the "Sudetenland", was coined. -
Invasion of Poland
On September 1939 Hitler invades Poland. Blitzkrieg (lightning war) took place. Tanks, planes, and infantry penetrated and surrounded. Britain and France declared war on Germany. World War II begins! Hitler attacks Norway and Denmark. He rolls through Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg. The French's defenses were shattered and British and French troops were routed. -
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World War II
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German Soviet Non-agression pact
Shortly before World War II (1939-45) broke out in Europe–enemies Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union surprised the world by signing the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, in which the two countries agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years. With Europe on the brink of another major war, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) viewed the pact as a way to keep his nation on peaceful terms with Germany, while giving him time to build up the Soviet military. -
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British statesman, army officer, and writer, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. He pleads for help at the Battle of Britain. Land lease, aids Britain and Russia, borrow ships, guns, and machinery from U.S. -
The Battle of Britain
Germans bomb Britain (July 1940 to June 1941).
The Blitz:
Night attacks
Hitler wants peace
Initially, Hitler bombed military targets but he turns to terror bombing major cities. Britain defends. -
Pear Harbor
Pearl Harbor took place on December 7th, 1941. It was a surprise attack by the Japanese; 8 battleships were damaged, planes and supplies were destroyed. They failed to cripple the American fleet because the aircraft carriers were not there and battleships were not there either. -
D-Day
During World War II (1939-1945), the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s control. Codenamed Operation Overlord, the battle began on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, when some 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region. -
Literacy tests
Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century. Literacy tests, along with poll taxes, residency and property restrictions and extra-legal activities (violence, intimidation) were all used to deny suffrage to African Americans.
