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Vertical Integration
Is the belief that economies and businesses function best when there is no interference by the government. It comes from the French, meaning to leave alone or to allow to do. It is one of the guiding principles of capitalism and a free market economy. It is the belief that each individual's self-interest to do better, strong competition from others, and low taxes will lead to the strongest economy, and therefore, everyone will benefit as a result. -
Robber Barons
A robber baron was a term in the 19th century, industrialists and financiers who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries through the formation of trusts, engaging in unethical business practices, exploiting workers, and paying little heed to their customers or competition. -
Native Americans Lifestyle
Several tribes dotted states such as Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana, Oklahoma, and Texas, though conditions were rough. Approximately 75,000 Indians inhabited the Plains in the mid-1800s. The buffalo was depended on by the Plains Indians; it was vital that these were chased and hunted for necessary supplies such as food, shelter, and tools. In the 1500s, America was introduced to horses. The Spanish had brought them. These were also useful in transportation and buffalo hunting. -
John Deere
He created the plow using a broken saw. By 1841, Deere was producing 100 of the plows annually. In 1843, he entered a partnership with Leonard Andrus to produce more plows to meet increasing demand. In 1858, Deere transferred leadership of the company to his son, Charles, who served as its vice president. John Deere died on May 17, 1886, at his home in Moline. -
Sewing Machines
Elias Howe invented the sewing machine. It was used for fixing clothes at a factory use, and on production lines.The American sewing machine was made the town of New Hartford, Connecticut .The sewing machine worked by first putting the thread around the wheel .Then putting the thread in the tube to make clothing by pushing the pedal with their foot. -
Tenements
New York City, the population doubled every decade from 1800 to 1880–buildings that had once been single-family dwellings were increasingly divided into multiple living spaces to accommodate this growing population. Known as tenement, low-rise apartment buildings many of them concentrated in the city’s Lower East Side neighborhood were all too often cramped, poorly lit and lacked indoor plumbing and proper ventilation. By 1900, some 2.3 million people were living in tenement housing. -
The Homestead Act
Opened up settlement in the western United States, allowing any American, including freed slaves, to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land. By the end of the Civil War, 15,000 homestead claims had been established, and more followed in the postwar years. Eventually, 1.6 million individual claims would be approved; nearly ten percent of all government held property for a total of 420,000 square miles of territory. -
The Farmers
The Farmers had problems during the Gilded Age because the crop prices fell due to overproduction. Banks charged high interest rates on mortgages and foreclosed on the farmers. The railroads also charged high rates for shipping crops. -
Ku Klux Klan
Its members waged an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and black Republican leaders. Though Congress passed legislation designed to curb Klan terrorism, the organization saw its primary goal–the reestablishment of white supremacy–fulfilled through Democratic victories in state legislatures across the South in the 1870s. -
The Ghost Dances
During a solar eclipse on January 1, 1889, Wovoka, a shaman of the Northern Paiute tribe, had a vision. Claiming that God had appeared to him in the guise of a Native American and had revealed to him a bountiful land of love and peace, Wovoka founded a spiritual movement called the Ghost Dance. The Ghost Dance originated with the Paiute tribe of Nevada, it quickly spread to other Indian tribes in the Southwest. -
Andrew Carnegie
He was an American industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry then became a major philanthropist. In the early 1870s, he entered the steel business, and over the next two decades became a dominant force in the industry. In 1901, he sold the Carnegie Steel Company to banker John Pierpont Morgan for $480 million. Carnegie then devoted himself to philanthropy, eventually giving away more than $350 million. -
John Rockefeller
Founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world’s wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90 percent of U.S. refineries and pipelines. Critics accused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical practices, such as predatory pricing and colluding with railroads to eliminate his competitors, in order to gain a monopoly in the industry. -
The Grange
Primarily due to the unfair pricing of railroad transportation a political group of farmers created the Grange. They pushed for laws to regulate railroad prices along with warehouse prices. The sub-treasury plan was then developed which would allow farmer to store grain in government warehouses and get low rate government loans so they could easily store their thing sand use the low rate as a collateral. -
George Armstrong Custer
A U.S. cavalry officer who served with distinction in the American Civil War, is better known for leading more than 200 of his men to their deaths in the notorious Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876. The battle, also known as “Custer’s Last Stand,” was part of the Black Hills War against a confederation of Plains Indians, including the Cheyenne and Dakota Sioux. It remains one of the most controversial battles in U.S. history. -
The Telephone
Bell was granted the first official patent for his telephone in March 1876, though he would later face years of legal challenges to his claim that he was its sole inventor, resulting in one of history’s longest patent battles. Bell continued his scientific work for the rest of his life, and used his success and wealth to establish various research centers nationwde. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. When a number of tribes missed a federal deadline to move to reservations. Custer was unaware of the number of Indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull at Little Bighorn, and his forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed in what became known as Custer’s Last Stand. -
The Phonograph
While working on improvements to the telegraph and the telephone, Edison figured out a way to record sound on tinfoil-coated cylinders. In 1877, he created a machine with two needles: one for recording and one for playback. When Edison spoke into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of his voice would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle. Edison loved the phonograph so much that he called it his "baby". He improved it over and over for the next fifty years. -
African Americans (Exodusters)
name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879. It was the first general migration of blacks following the Civil War. -
The Light Bulb
Basically, there was many inventors that made the light bulb work. inventor Alessandro Volta developed the first practical method of generating electricity. Humphry Davy produced the world's first electric lamp. Oct,1879 Edison successfully tested a filament that burned for 13.5 hours. Continuing to improve his design, by Nov 1879, he filed for a U.S. patent for an electric lamp using “a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires”. -
Booker T. Washington
He was born a slave and rose to become one of the most influential African-American intellectuals of the late 19th century. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute, a black school in Alabama devoted to training teachers. Washington was also behind the formation of the National Negro Business League 20 years later. -
Assassination of President Garfield
Charles Guiteau shot newly inaugurated President James A. Garfield in the back at a downtown train station. Garfield would cling to life for 80 agonizing days, but a severe infection most likely brought on by unsanitary medical practices eventually led to his death. Take a look back at American history’s second presidential assassination and the deranged gunman who pulled the trigger. -
Condemnation
The first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. Those on the West Coast were especially prone to attribute declining wages and economic ills on the despised Chinese workers. Although the Chinese composed only .002 percent of the nation’s population, Congress passed the exclusion act to placate worker demands and assuage prevalent concerns about maintaining white “racial purity.” -
Frances Willard
Founder of World Woman's Christian Temperance Union. WCTU became one of the largest and most influential women's groups of the 19th century by expanding its platform to campaign for labor laws, prison reform and suffrage. She died of influenza in the year 1898. -
Pendleton Act
This actprovided that Federal Government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected through competitive exams. Garfield's assassination in 1881 by a mentally disturbed man, Charles J. Guiteau, who thought he deserved appointment to a government job, led to a public outcry for reform. In 1883, Arthur helped push through the Pendleton Act. -
The Coca Cola
Dr. John Stith Pemberton was a pharmasist and produced the syrup for Coca-Cola, and carried a jug of the new product down the street to Jacobs' Pharmacy, where it was sampled, pronounced "excellent" and placed on sale for five cents a glass as a soda fountain drink. Carbonated water was teamed with the new syrup to produce a drink that was at once "Delicious and Refreshing," a theme that continues to echo today wherever Coca-Cola is enjoyed. -
Dawes Severalty Act
Senator Henry Laurens Dawes from Massachusetts, the Dawes Severalty Act reversed the long-standing American policy of allowing Indian tribes to maintain their traditional practice of communal use and control of their lands. Instead, the Dawes Act gave the president the power to divide Indian reservations into individual, privately owned plots. The act dictated that men with families would receive 160 acres, single adult men were given 80 acres, and boys received 40 acres. Women received no land. -
Jane Addams
Was a settlement house founder and peace activist was one of the most distinguished of the first generation of college-educated women, rejecting marriage and motherhood in favor of a lifetime commitment to the poor and social reform. Hull-House, which remained Addams’s home for the rest of her life and became the center of an experiment in philanthropy, political action, and social science research, was a model for settlement work among the poor. -
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890 after widespread growth of trusts in the 1880's. the Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits agreements in restraint of trade, such as price-fixing, refusals to deal, bid-rigging, etc. The parties involved might be competitors, customers, or a combination of the two. -
The Silver Act
the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890, passed by the U.S. Congress to supplant the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. It not only required the U.S. government to purchase nearly twice as much silver as before, but also added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation. -
Wounded Knee Massacre
An 1890 massacre left some 150 Native Americans dead, in what was the final clash between federal troops and the Sioux. In 1973, members of the American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee for 71 days to protest conditions on the reservation. -
Queen Liliuokalani
She was the last sovereign of the Kamehameha dynasty, which had ruled a unified Hawaiian kingdom since 1810. Born Lydia Kamakaeha, she became crown princess in 1877, after the death of her youngest brother made her the heir apparent to her elder brother, King Kalakaua. By the time she took the throne herself in 1891, a new Hawaiian constitution had removed much of the monarchy’s powers in favor of an elite class of businessmen and wealthy landowners. -
Ida B. Wells
She was an African-American journalist, abolitionist and feminist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. She went on to found and become integral in groups striving for African-American justice. A lynching in Memphis incensed Ida B. Wells and led to her to begin an anti-lynching campaign in 1892. -
Depression of 1893
Was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Many people questioned the laissez- faire capitalism. -
William Jennings Bryan
He was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States. He starred at the 1896 Democratic convention with his Cross of Gold speech that favored free silver, but was defeated in his bid to become U.S. president by William McKinley. -
William McKinley
In 1898, William led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the brief and decisive conflict ended with the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. In general, McKinley’s bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs. he was elected again in 1900, McKinley was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in Buffalo, New York, in September 1901. -
Plessy vs. Ferguson
This was a 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks. Rejected, the Supreme Court ruled that a state law that “implies merely a legal distinction” between whites and blacks did not conflict with the 13th and 14th Amendments. -
Election of 1896
The United States presidential election happened on November 3, 1896. Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history. -
Theodore Roosevelt
The 26th president of the U.S, was born in a wealthy family, people called him "Teddie", "Teddy", or "TR". In 1886, Roosevelt ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City. In 1895, Roosevelt became president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners, and in 1897 William McKinley named him as assistant secretary of the U.S. Navy. the Spanish-American War in 1898, Roosevelt left his post as naval secretary to become colonel of the“Rough Riders.” the teddy bear is named after him. -
Rough Riders
This was a group that was led by Colonel Leonard Wood, with Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Roosevelt also leading a contigentt. The Rough Riders made a heroic charge up San Juan Hill that cost them heavy problems. -
George Dewey
He was Admiral of the Navy, the only person in United States history to have attained the rank. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. he was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1861. During the Civil War he served with Admiral Farragut during the Battle of New Orleans and as part of the Atlantic blockade. -
Battle of Manilla Bay
Manila Bay in the Philippines, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first major battle of the Spanish-American War. The United States went on to win the war, which ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. -
Battle of San Juan Hill / San Juan Heights
The United States, including Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders, defeated greatly outnumbered Spanish forces at San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill near the Spanish stronghold of Santiago de Cuba. This fight is also known as "San Juan Heights" -
The Open Door Policy
A statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. -
Election of 1900
The election of 1900 was held on November 6, 1900. It was a rematch of the 1896 race between Republican President William McKinley and his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan.THe return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish-American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory. -
Philippine–American War
the U.S. government's quest for an overseas empire and the desire of the Filipino people for freedom. In other words, this war was a clash between the forces of imperialism and nationalism.
After centuries as a Spanish colony, a revolution led in part by Emilio Aguinaldo broke out in 1896 in the Philippine Islands. After fighting a savage guerilla war for two and a half years. In 1898, Spain fought a losing war with the United States.. -
William Edward Burghardt Dubois
He was a leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist. He went to Harvard University and other top schools, Du Bois studied with some of the most important social thinkers of his time. He earned fame for the publication of such works as Souls of Black Folk, and was a founding officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and editor of its magazine. -
Schlieffen Plan
This wwas the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilise her forces near the German border. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914. It was made for the purpose of avoiding a war on two fronts, one against Russia on the east, and the other against France on the west. -
PTSD
PTSD, also known as, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or, shell-shock. A psychological distress of soldiers was attributed to concussions caused by the impact of shells; this impact was believed to disrupt the brain and cause “shell shock” (Bentley, 2005). . However, even soldiers who were not exposed to exploding shells were experiencing similar symptoms (Scott, 1990). Thus, it was assumed that soldiers who experienced these symptoms were cowardly and weak. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
She was the wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt. she was also a leader in her own right and involved in numerous humanitarian causes throughout her life. The niece of President Theodore Roosevelt, Eleanor was born into a wealthy New York family. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
Muckraker, Upton Sinclair, wrote a book called The Jungle, which documented the dirty conditions of rat-infested meat factories. Due to Sinclair's work, the Meat Inspection Act was signed into law on the same day as the Pure Food and Drug Act. This act was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act. -
The Great White Fleet
The founder was Theodore Roosevelt. This was a sixteen battleship fleet that sailed on a world voyage from December 16, 1907 - February 22, 1909. Its primary purpose was to showcase American naval power. This was a fourteen-month long voyage was a grand pageant of American sea power. -
Henry Ford
October 1, 1908, the first production Model T Ford is completed at the company's Piquette Avenue plant in Detroit. Between 1908 and 1927, Ford would build some 15 million Model T cars. He became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. -
Pancho Villa
He was a famed Mexican revolutionary and guerilla leader. He joined Francisco Madero’s uprising against Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in 1909, later became leader of the División del Norte cavalry and governor of Chihuahua. Villa killed more than 30 Americans in 1916. That caused the deployment of a US military expedition into Mexico, but Villa was captured during the manhunt. Pardoned by Mexican President Adolfo de la Huerta in 1920, Villa retired and later assassinated. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
He was assassinated on June 28, 1914. He was the nephew of Emperor Franz Josef Franz Ferdinand was a member of the House of Hapsburg, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Spanish Empire. He began his military career at age 12 and was quickly promoted through the ranks becoming a major general at age 31. After the suicide of the emperor's son, Crown Prince Rudolf, in 1889, and his own father's death from typhoid fever in 1896, Franz Ferdinand was groomed to inherit the throne. -
Mexican Revolution
The mexican revolution was a long, bloody struggle among several factions in constantly shifting alliances which resulted ultimately in the end of the 30 year dictatorship in Mexico and the establishment of a constitutional republic. The revolution began against a background of widespread dissatisfaction with the elitist and oligarchical policies of Porfirio Díaz that favoured wealthy landowners and industrialists. -
Election of 1912
Wlliam Howard Taft did not live up to Roosevelt's expectations and upon his return in the election of 1912, Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination only to have it denied. In response Roosevelt organized his Progressive Party more commonly known as the Bull Moose party. -
Woodrow Wilson
The 28th president of the United States, was an advocate for democracy and world peace, Wilson is often ranked by historians as one of the nation’s greatest presidents. Once in office, he pursued an ambitious agenda of progressive reform that included the establishment of the Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission. he is called one of the greatest presidents ever. -
Panama Canal
the US built a canal across a 50 mile stretch of the Panama isthmus in 1904. The project was helped by the elimination of disease-carrying mosquitoes, while chief engineer John Stevens devised innovative techniques and spurred the crucial redesign from a sea-level to a lock canal. Opened in 1914, oversight of the world-famous Panama Canal was transferred from the U.S. to Panama in 1999. -
Mustard Gas (Deadly)
During World War I, a new style of fighting known as trench warfare pitted two armies close enough to each other that they could yell across the lines. But soldiers rarely ventured into the area between the two trenches commonly referred to as no man's land for fear of being gunned down, and battles would often settle into a stalemate. Chemical agents such as mustard gas became a way to break that uneasy deadlock. -
Marcus Garvey
He became the leader in the black nationalist movement. After arriving in New York in 1916, he founded the Negro World newspaper, an international shipping company called Black Star Line and the Negro Factories Corporation. During the 1920s, his UNIA was the largest secular organization in African-American history. -
Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram was sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann in 1917. He had sent it to his ambassador in Mexico and the goal was to get Mexico to become an ally of Germany. He offered a great deal of financial support along with Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they won the war. -
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks was a political party and the leader was Vladimir Lenin. them and their allies occupied government buildings and other strategic locations in the Russian capital of Petrograd and within two days had formed a new government with Lenin as its head. Bolshevik Russia, later renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was the world’s first Marxist state. -
Argonne Forest
this was carried out by 37 French and American divisions, was even more ambitious. Aiming to cut off the entire German 2nd Army, Allied Supreme Commander Ferdinand Foch ordered General John J. Pershing to take overall command of the offensive. Pershing’s American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was to play the main attacking role, in what would be the largest American-run offensive of World War I. -
The 18th Amendment
this amendment had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 16, 1919. prohibiting the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcohol. Prohibition proved difficult to enforce and failed to have the intended effect of eliminating crime and other social problems–to the contrary, it led to a rise in organized crime, as the bootlegging of alcohol became an ever-more lucrative operation -
The Lost Generation
young adults of Europe and America during World War that were “lost” because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to move into a settled life. Gertrude Stein is mostly credited with popularizing the expression. people also call this term a group of writers and poets who were men and women of this period. All were American, but several members emigrated to Europe. The most famous members were Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald. -
The 19th Amendment
This granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. Stanton and Mott, along with Susan B. Anthony and other activists, raised public awareness and lobbied the government to grant voting rights to women. After a lengthy battle, these groups finally emerged victorious with the passage of the 19th Amendment. -
General John Pershing
He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces. he served in the Spanish- and Philippine-American Wars and was tasked to lead a punitive raid against the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson selected Pershing to command the American troops being sent to Europe. Although Pershing aimed to maintain the independence of the AEF, his willingness to integrate into Allied operations helped bring about the armistice with Germany. -
Duke Ellington
He was major figure in the history of jazz music, his career spanned more than half a century, during which time he composed thousands of songs for the stage, screen and contemporary songbook. He created one of the most distinctive ensemble sounds in Western music and continued to play what he called "American Music" until shortly before his death in 1974. -
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald dropped out of Princeton University to join the U.S. Army. The success of his first novel, “This Side of Paradise”, made him an instant celebrity. His third novel, “The Great Gatsby”, was highly regarded, but “Tender is the Night” was considered a disappointment. Struggling with alcoholism and his wife’s mental illness, Fitzgerald attempted to reinvent himself as a screenwriter. He died before completing his final novel, “The Last Tycoon”. -
Margaret Sanger
She was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. In 1916 she opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S. Sanger fought for women's rights her entire life.Margaret got arrested on October 26, 1916 -
Charles Lindbergh
In 1927 he became the first man to successfully fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean. He called his airplane the Spirit of St. Louis, and his courageous feat helped make Missouri a leader in the developing world of aviation.Other pilots had crossed the Atlantic before him. But Lindbergh was the first person to do it alone nonstop. -
Al Capone
The most infamous gangster in American history. In 1920 during the height of Prohibition, Capone’s multi-million dollar Chicago operation in bootlegging, prostitution and gambling dominated the organized crime scene. Capone was responsible for many brutal acts of violence, mainly against other gangsters. The most famous of these was the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929, in which he ordered the assassination of seven rivals. -
Hoovervilles
Hooverville shanties were constructed of cardboard, tar paper, glass, lumber, tin and whatever other materials people could salvage. Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. Most shanties, however, were distinctly less glamorous. -
Joseph Stalin
he was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Born into poverty, Stalin became involved in politics as a young man. -
The Dust Bowl
the drought that the Southern Plains region of the US suffered from severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930s. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions. -
Election of 1932
The campaign unfolded during the darkest days of the Great Depression, and Roosevelt's opponent, Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover, was the man many Americans held personally responsible for their misery. -
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
He was elected as the nation’s 32nd president in 1932. With the country mired in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt immediately acted to restore public confidence, proclaiming a bank holiday and speaking directly to the public in a series of radio broadcasts or. His ambitious slate of New Deal programs and reforms redefined the role of the federal government in the lives of Americans. -
The 20th Amendment
Also known as the "Lame-Duck Amendment," was ratified in 1933. The 20th Amendment shortened the period of time lame duck Members of Congress could stay in office after an election had been held, from 13 months to 2 months. -
The Holocaust
this was the mass murder of some 6 million European Jews by the German Nazi regime during the Second World War. To the anti-Semitic Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. -
The 21th Amendment
repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 16, 1919. The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933. -
Concentration Camps
concentration camps became a major way in which the Nazis imposed their control. The first concentration camps in Germany were set up as detention centres to stop any opposition to the Nazis by so called 'enemies of the state'. -
Munich Conference
the people persuaded him to seize the Sudetenland, which was in Czechoslovakia but had a substantial German population and important industrial resources. It was clear he would do so by force if he had to and that the Czechs by themselves had not the faintest hope of resisting him. -
Navajo Code talkers
they were treated with the utmost respect by their fellow marines. a group of Native Americans recruited into the United States Marine Corps as a secret weapon to help win World War II. The code talkers were not weapons or combat soldiers in the conventional sense. -
Pearl Harbor
this was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. Just before 8 a.m. on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack -
Adolf Hitler
leader of Germany’s Nazi Party, was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 led to the outbreak of World War II, and by 1941 Nazi forces had occupied much of Europe. he murdered of some 6 million Jews, along with other victims of the Holocaust. After the tide of war turned against him, Hitler committed suicide in a Berlin bunker in April 1945. -
The P-51 Mustang
this was used during World War II and the Korean War, among other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in 1940 by North American Aviation in response to a requirement of the British Purchasing Commission. the top speed was 438 mph -
Douglas MacArthur
was an American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in World War II, oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan and led United Nations forces in the Korean War .During World War II, he famously returned to liberate the Philippines in 1944 after it had fallen to the Japanese. -
Battle of Bulge
American units fought desperate battles to stem the German advance at St.-Vith, Elsenborn Ridge, Houffalize and Bastogne. As the Germans drove deeper into the Ardennes in an attempt to secure vital bridgeheads, the Allied line took on the appearance of a large bulge, giving rise to the battle’s name. -
The B-29
a four-engine propeller-driven (airplane) heavy bomber designed by Boeing, which was flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War. the top speed was 357 mph. -
Benjamin Davis
he was the first Black Air Force General, leading the Tuskegee Airmen flight squadron and standing up to the military establishment in advancing the cause of Black soldiers. He began his military career as a volunteer during the Spanish-American War in 1898.
