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Portugal and Spain
The liberal revolutions aimed to establish constitutional monarchies. -
Greece
Greece gained the independence from the Turkish Ottoman Empire through a liberal and nationalist revolution. -
France
A liberal revolution established a constitutional monarchy. -
Belgium
Following a nationalist revolution, Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands, to which it had been united by the Congress of Vienna. -
France
The revolution led to the proclamation of the Second Republic and the establishment of universal manhood suffrage. -
Austria, German Confederation
Radical revolutions demanded democratic reforms. Most of them failed.