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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
Augsburg, Religious PeaceThe peace provided the Holy Roman Empire with a temprorary truce in the religious conflict resulting from the Reformation. However, only Lutherans and Catholics were recognized, and therefore princes were allowed to choose wheter ones or the others practice their religon in their lands. Other religions such as Calvinism were completely ignored, and as a result the working class that turned into Protestant after 1552, was to forfeit each's offices and income as a whole=> revol were coming -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
Christian IV Christian IV was the son of Frederick II and the king of Denmark and Norway, known for leading his country into the War, and for leading two wars against Sweden ending with a failure. He was interested in trade and shipping, but also enriched his country with great buildings, but also cities (Kristiania, Kristianstad, Kristiansand, Kristianshavn, etc.). Nevertheless, he died in 1648 as a broke, drinking man. -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
Maximilian I Maximilian I was a young duke, restoring Bavaria as he had positive influence on its laws, army, and control of lands. He also managed to formed the Catholic League, which was sent to fight against the Bohemian rebellions. The strong leader even gained the title elector, since hemanaged to expand the territories of his lands, and lead the German Catholics with his specific style of government. -
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King Louis XIII
Louis XIII Louis XII was the king of France, making it a leading power in Europe. He was known for his skills on the battlefield, but also for his illness and mental instability affecting any affairs of France. Nevertheless, he was respected for his great success in defeating the Spaniards. -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustavus Adolphus Known as the most powerful Swedish leader, who even inspired Peter the Great to follow his style of ruling when it came to Russia. What provevd him to be a highly supported monarch, was his intelligence, great pysicial appereance, but also orator skills, influential to the people standing beneath him, but also providing him with conncetions in the nobility, beneficial for his ruling. -
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The Bohemian Period
The Thirty Years' WarThe death of two royal officers hurled from a window by members of the Defenestration of Prague caused the first revolts to begin in Prague. Furthermore, Ferdinand was no longer on the throne, since it was offered to Frederick V. Other revolts occured in Transylvania, but the most significant one was led by Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria, since it actually destroyed the Bohemians -
Defenestration of Prague
Governors thrown outWith the violation of the the Letter of Magesty in 1617 by closing Protestant chapels, William Slavata and Jaroslav Martinic, Roman Catholic officials, were found guilty. and therefore were thrown, together with their secretary, out of the window of the Castle of Prague. This incident known as the Defenestration of Prague led to the Bohemian revolt against Ferdinand II, marking one of the first phases of the beginning of the big War a reality. -
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Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
Ferdinand of Styria Ferdinand of Styria as a king of Bohemia was known for his strong belief in Catholicism and centralization. When he became the official king of Bohemia, any signs of rebellions coming later in 1620 were surpressed, however, the people's desire to elect Frederick of the Palatine hurt Bohemia as a whole. Nevertheless, he managed to ensure the absolute power of the emperor in Bohemia. -
Battle of White Mountain
The Battle of White MountainFirst major victory of the Catholic Hapsburgs over the Protestant Union, which was an alliance between the Protestant states in Germany during the Thirty Years War. As a result, constitutional rule was left in the past and replaced by the authorian one, lasting all the way up to the reconstruction of Europe, followed by World War I, meaning three centuries. -
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Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV Philip IV did not succeed in the improvement of Spain as a European power, however, he was considered a patron of Spanish Arts. During his reign, the Sandoval family was the dominant one over the Spanish court. The Count de Olivares was his adviser, who later became his great opponent. Eventually, France was the opponent that caused Spain to decline during the Thirty Years War. -
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Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu He was the first minister of France and a statesman, who emposed the absolute power of the king in France by punishing even nobles going against the king's word, defeated the Protestant Hugenots, and removed any enemies that he had in the government. His military included his army checking Hapsburg's power in rhe Spanish Netherlands, Alsace, and Lorraine. Founder of the FrenchAcademy(1634 -
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The Danish Period
The Thirty Years' WarThe king of Denmark at that time, king Christian IV, did not like Ferninand II's idea to recall Catholicism in the Roman Empire, so he encouraged English, French, and Netherland Protestant formations to go against his opponent, motivated by their own unwillingles to convert to Catholic religion. Nevertheless, Ferdinand II had supporters such as Alfred Wallenstein, aiming to gain lots of land to rule over after their victory. -
Treaty of Lubeck
Treaty of LubeckThe Peace of Lubeck, signed by Albrecht von Wallenstein, Christian IV, and later by Ferdinand II(June 7), ended the Danish intervention in the War. The Catholic League became a party, and Denmark gained pre-water territory for its final disengagement from affairs in the empire. -
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The Swedish Period
The Thirty Years' WarThe victories of the Catholics led to the endangerment of the German independant princes, but also to the growth of Hapsburg power, which was not good for France. Therefore, an alliance between Sweden(King Gustavus Adolphus) and France was signed in order for the French to enter the war againts the Hapsburgs. In this way, the German conflict based on religious issues, turned into a wider European one, concerning political differences between France+Sweden and Catholic Hapsburg. -
Battle of Lutzen
Battle of LutzenThe battled ended with a victory for the Protestants, however, the cost they needed to pay was huge. In the fight, they lost the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf, who was one of the most signifiant leaders of the Protestant alliance. As a result, the alliance lost its balance and direction. -
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The French Period
The Thirty Years' WarThe chief minister of the French king Louis XIII, cardinal Richeliu, had the goal to weaken the power of Hapsburgs, but also get over the province of Alsace(RomanE). In Spain, the Hapsburg prince Philip IV was also Richeliu's target and his defeat in the Franco-Spanish war, enabled France to send a larger army into Germany in order for it to fight against Ferdinand II's forces, which were later led by his son Ferdinand III. As a result - French occupation of Bavaria in 1646. -
The Treaty of Prague
The Peace of PragueAfter the deaths of both Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, but also the exhaustion of Ferdinand II and the German Protestant princes, an end to the Swedish period was put. The Peace of Prague, however, gave power to the Hapsburg, and therefore weakend the one of the German princes. -
The Peace of Westphalia
Peace of WestphaliaThe Peace is represented by a series of peace treaties taking place between May and October in 1648 in the cities of Osnabruck and Munster, ending the Thirty Years War in the Roman Empire. It invloved king Ferdinand III(Roman Empire), Spain, France, Sweden, the Roman princes. Even tough the Eropean conflict as a whole was not resovled, a base for national self-determination was laid. -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
Peace of the PyreneesThe treaty ended the fight between France (Louis XIV) and Spain (philip IV), continuing with the French intervention in the Catalans' revolt and the Spanish intervention in the Fronde. The north of Cerdanya became part of France, and the south remained Spanish.