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Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg First legal basis for Catholicism and Lutheranism to exist together. This allowed princes to choose the religion of their state and offer free emigration of their residents. -
Period: to
King Christian IV of Denmark
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-IV Danish Kings, who brought upon disaster to Denmark by warring against Sweden, during the Thirty Years' War. Sponsored trading and shipping and gained a reputation of a hard-drinking king. -
Period: to
Maximilian I of Bavaria
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilian-I-duke-of-Bavaria He became an elector from 1623 and a champion of the Roman Catholic Empire in the war. Took his father's place and quickly stabilized the economy of Bavaria. In 1609 he formed the Catholic League, to counter the Protestant union. -
Period: to
Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIII He was a King of France, working to make France a great European Power, with the help of his chief minister Cardinal de Richelieu. His mother became regent after his father assassinations and arranged Louis' marriage to their ally Philip III of Spain's daughter. -
Period: to
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf He laid foundations for modern Sweden, as a major European power. His father had usurped the throne and had bad relations with Poland, leading to a 60 years of war. -
Period: to
Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-II-Holy-Roman-emperor He was Archduke of Austria (1619-37), King of Bohemia (1617-27) and King of Hungary (1618-25). He was a leading champion and commander of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. He worked closely with his general A. Wallenstein to defeat many of their German enemies. -
Period: to
The Bohemian Period
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-bohemian-period.html
The period began with a revolt in Prague, where imperial officers were thrown out of court, also known as the Defenestration of Prague. Revolts all throughout Hapsburg domains such as Transylvania. John George of Saxony, even though a Protestant supported emperor Ferdinand II. -
Defenestration of Prague
https://www.britannica.com/event/Defenestration-of-Prague-1618 It preceded the Thirty Years War. Appointed defenders were thrown out of the court in Prague, an act of resistance against Emperor Ferdinand II, violating his Letter of Majesty. It marks the begging of the Bohemian revolt and the start of the war. -
Battle of White Mountain
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-White-Mountain Fought near Prague, that is the first major victory of the Roman Catholic Habsburgs. This allowed for Habsburg to put an end to the constitutional rule in Bohemia, by establishing authoritarian government. -
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Philip IV of Spain
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal He was king of Spain and Portugal during the decline of Spanish power. He was in alliance with the royal Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire and had ambitions to input Spanish hegemony in Europe. -
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The Danish Period
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-danish-period.html Christian IV of Denmark, rose and engaged in the war to stop the spread of Hapsburg influence in Germany, also wanting to gain some territories for himself. England send an army to support Christian in his fight against Ferdinand II. Wallenstein defeated Dutch forces, and Denmark withdrew from the war in 1629, the treaty of Lübeck. -
Treaty of Lubeck
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Lubeck+Treaty+of+1629 The treaty ended the "Danish Period". It was agreed upon by Danish King Christian IV and imperial general A. Wallenstein. This lead to Denmark withdrawing from the war. -
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The Swedish Period
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-swedish-period.html Gustavus II had big ambitions to gain territory and lead wars with Poland. John George of Saxony joined forces with Gustavus, being offered reasonable terms.Gustavus was killed in the battle of Lübeck, at the hands of Wallenstein's forces, who was later in 1634 murdered by conspirators. -
Battle of Lützen
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Lutzen Sweden helped their Northern German allies against the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. Imperial general Wallenstein was winning the fight outside of Lützen, until the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus was killed, leaving Bernhard to lead a successful defense and capture of enemy artillery. -
Period: to
The French Period
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-franco-swedish-period.html
France engaged in the war seeking power, attacking Spain, contesting Iberian peninsula and Italy, while also attacking the north, Germany. Meanwhile Swedish forces were defeating imperial armies at Breitenfeld, lead by the armies of Torstensson. The Swede Wrangel and the French Turenne found great success, until the treaty of Westphalia ended the war. -
Treaty of Prague
http://thirtyyearswar30.weebly.com/treaty-of-prague.html The treaty ended the Austro-Prussian War. Austria lost Venetia, given to Italy and German princes had weakened powers. The Habsburgs were removed from affairs, thus Kingdom of Prussia became the major power in Germany. The Edicts of Restitution was ended and alliances between states of the Empire were forbidden. An Imperial Army was instituted from all the states, to fight against enemies of the Empire. -
Peace of Westphalia
http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/treaty-westphalia It was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War. Slow negotiations began in 1644. The treaty gave Switzerland and Netherlands independence from Austria and Spain, respectively. Sweden gained some territorial and cash payment. Dreams of Roman Catholic Europe were destroyed forever, as Protestantism remained. -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-the-Pyrenees It was a peace treaty between king Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, ending the Franco-Spanish War, 1648-1659. This marks the establishment of French hegemony in Europe.
