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Period: Jan 1, 1555 to
Events
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Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
This peace was arranged between the Lutherans and the Catholics because of a conflict arising from the reformation. Each region had the opportunity to choose which religion to establish as an official. Each prince of a region could determine whether Roman Catholicism or Lutheranism was going to be chosen. -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
He was not a good leader at all. During his rulership, Denmark lost two of their significant battles in the 30 years war which really made Denmark one of the least powerful countries in Europe. -
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Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII
One of the best politicians in France during his rule from 1610 to 1643. He dindn't fight a lot, but he tried to solve problems diplomatically which led to an alliance with the Protestants which has been one of the most beneficial treaties in his time. -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
He ruled from 1611 to 1632 Sweden. He was one of the greatest commanders in the 30 years war because of the way and the techniques he used to fight with other armies. He was very wise and could easily manage with difficult situations. -
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Ferdinand II of Styria as king of Bohemia
Ferdinand of Stirya was both a king of Bohemia and king of the Holy Roman Empire. He tried to establish Catolicism in Bohemia as he did in the Holy Roman Empire, however the Bohemians did not agree and everything resulted in a rebellion. -
Defenestration of Prague
This event was significant because it set the beginning of the 30 years war. The Roman Catholics closed the Protestant chapels in Bohemia that were constructed by the citizens. Logically, this caused a conflict beween the Bohemiand and the Roman Catholics because the closing of the chapels was a violation of the law for religious and spiritual liberty. -
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The Bohemian Period
During this period in Boheia (nowadays Czech Republic) there were many Protestants even though the King's regin was Catholic. The Peace of Augsburg contributed to the anger of the Protesntants, but the climax happend when Ferdinand Second revoked the letter which gave Protestants toleration (Latter of Majesty). Therefore, the Defenestation of Prague occured -- protestants started throwing the Emperor's messangers out of the window. In the end of the period, the Catholics gained power. -
Battle of White Mountain
The battle of White Mountain was fought during the 30 years war in 1620. This battle opposed 30 000 Bohemians who were defeated by the 27 000 people from the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the Catholic League. The battle was significant because it marked the end of the Bohemian Period and influenced the fate of lands held by the Czech for the next 300 years. -
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Philip IV of Spain
He was both a ruler of Portugal and Spain, however he was a failure because he didn't succeed in his plans to make Spain more famous military country as he lost battle after battle. -
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Danish Period
Occures right after Bohemia is defeated and protestants start realizing that they are in danger. There is also an opposition between Ferdinand and Christian Fourth. They both gather armies and gain supprort from other rulers, but the Danish king loses (Christian). Therefore, the Treaty of Lubeck was created and it gave all posesions of the Protestnats to the Catholics. -
Treaty of Lubeck
The treaty of Lubeck was signed on 12th May, 1629 by Albrecht von Wallenstein from Denmark and Ferdinand II, theHoly Roman Emperor. Its significance was that it ended the Danish activity in the 30 years war. It also reduced the power of Denmark as making it a politically insignificant state. The Catholic League was included as a party and Denmark was given its old territory so it allowed her to keep its old possessions. -
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The Swedish Period
King Gustavus Adolphus became the new Protestant leader and in the summer of 1630, France and Sweden sign an alliance. Thefefore, France becomes part of the Hapsburgs' war. The conflict first starts as a religious problem in Germany but then grows into a European war. At first the Swedens won all battles, but as Adolphus was killed, they started loosing and finally, the Wallenstein army won. -
Battle of Lutzen
The battle of Lutzen happened on 16th November, 1632 and it was significant as one of the most decisive battles in the 30 years war. The countries opposing each other were the Sweden Protestant Union and the Holy Roman Empire, being supported by the Catholic League. Through many struggles and many lost lives, finally rhe Protestants won the battle. However, the win cost the life of one of the best commanders - Gustavos II Adolphus, whose lost life caused a disorentation in the Protestants. -
The treaty of Prague
The peace of Prague was signed on 23th August, 1866. It was a treaty between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Electorate of Saxony from the Holy Roman Empire. It brought to an end of the civil war of the Thirty Years' War. -
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The French Period
Cardinal Richelieu aimed to weaken the Hapsburgs and take the land of Alsace from the Roman Empire. Therefore tension is created and France send forces into Germany. This led to more ballance in favor of the Emperor. After his death, his son takes over (Ferdinand the Third) and peace negotiations take place. They are not really successful until the death of Richelieu and the occupation of Bavaria (1646). -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
The Duke of Bavarian - Maximilian I was a both a good and a bad leader. He helped Bavaria to pay its depths and also to become a powerful country. However, he tried to establish Catholicism as an official language and this led to civil wars between towns and cities which really destabilized Bavaria. -
Peace of Westphalia
The peace of Westphalia was signed on 24th October, 1648. It was significant to the history because it ended the 30 years war. It established a whole new peace system which also helped for achieving an equality between the European countries. -
Peace of the Pyrenees
This peace of the Pyrenees was established between Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain and it marked the end of the Franco-Spanish War which took place from 1648 to 1659. It also marked the beginning of the powership and majesty of France. Spain was struggling with the war because they had against themselves not only France, but also England. They didn't have the opportunity to have a country that supported them, so that's why they decided to sign the peace and stop the continuous war.
