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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
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A treaty made between Charles V and the alliance of the Lutheran princes. It was the first legal basis for the existance of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany. -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
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Christian IV was Denmark's most famous king. He led his country through a period of political and cultural ascendancy, but also led it down in a costly war against Sweden and the devastating Thirty Years' War in Germany. -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
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Maximilian I was a duke of Bavaria from 1597 and an elector from 1623. He was also a champion from the Roman Catholic side during the Thirty Years’ War. -
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King Louis XIII
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Under Louis XIII’s reign, France became a leading European power. Even though he showed courage on the battlefield, his mental instability and chronic ill health undermined his capacity for sustained concentration on affairs of the state. By 1642 victories had been won in the war against the Spaniards, and Louis XIII was subsequently respected as one of the most powerful rulers in Europe. -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
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Gustavus Adolphus became king of Sweden in 1611 when he was just 17. He was highly intelligent and well versed in the Classics, Law, History and Theology. He spoke a number of foreign languages very well. He had a formidable knowledge about affairs of state from an early age. He also had a natural ability to lead soldiers. -
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Richelieu was extremely intelligent and at the age of nine was sent to College de Navarre in Paris. In 1602, when he was seventeen he began studying theology seriously. In 1606 he was appointed Bishop of Luçon, and in 1622 Pope Gregory made him the Cardinal of France. -
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Ferdinand II
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Ferdinand I was the Holy Roman emperor, who, with his Peace of Augsburg, concluded the era of religious strife in Germany, following the rise of Lutheranism. He also converted the elected crowns of Bohemia and Hungary into hereditary possessions of the house of Habsburg. -
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The Bohemian Period
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Defenestration of Prague
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It set the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. After Ferdinand II was chosen to be the Holy Roman Emperor, czech nobles decided to rebel. -
Battle of White Mountain
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The Battle of White Mountain was fought near Prague in Bohemia. It marked the first major victory of the Roman Catholic Habsburgs over the Protestant Union* in the Thirty Years’ War. *a military alliance among the Protestant states of Germany -
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King Philip IV
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Philip IV was the king of Spain and Portugal during the decline of Spain as a great world power in the 1600s. He is remembered for his failed struggle to revive Spain's prominence during the Thirty Years War and for his patronage of the arts. -
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The Danish Period
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Treaty of Lubeck
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The treaty ended the Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. It restored Denmark's pre-war territory. -
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The Swedish Period
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Battle of Lutzen
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The battle of Lutzen was fought between the armies of the Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein and the Protestant army of Swiss and Germans under the command of Gustav II Adolf. Wallenstein split his army and marched the main army towards Leipzig.
The battle was a victory for the Protestants and ended the Catholic threat to Saxony. However, during the war, the beloved leader Gustav was killed. -
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The French Period
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Peace of Prague
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The treaty was signed between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Saxons. It brought to an end the civil war aspect of the Thirty Years' War. -
Treaty of Westphalia
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Its signing marked the end of the Thirty Years' War. The treaty gave the Swiss independence of Austria and the Netherlands independence of Spain. The German principalities secured their autonomy. Sweden gained territory and payment in cash, Brandenburg and Bavaria made gains too, and France acquired most of Alsace-Lorraine. -
Treaty Of The Pyrenees
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Germany remains divided into separate sovereign principalities with elected emperor. France has the most advantage of the contract - it gets areas north of the Pyrenees from Spain. Sweden received Western Pomerania, which became the sole ruler of the Baltic Sea. Тhe independence of the Netherlands is also recognised.
