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Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson is a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1896 that upheld the rights of states to pass laws allowing or even requiring racial segregation in public and private institutions such as schools, public transportation, restrooms, and restaurants. This court case was significant because it became a precedent of allowing “separate but equal”, which would rule society for the next century, (even though it wasn’t actually equal).
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Founding of the NAACP
The NAACP was one of the earliest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. They called for federal anti-lynching laws and coordinated a series of challenges to state-sponsored segregation in public schools, which led to the landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education. They also co-organized the 1963 March on Washington and lobbied for the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts.
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Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional, violating the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Warren’s Court handed down the 9-0.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a form of protest in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. It is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S. On December 1, 1955, four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to give her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. She was arrested and fined.
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.
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“Little Rock Nine” and Central High School integration
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas, initially prevented the students from entering the racially segregated school. Eventually, President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the “Little Rock Nine” into the school.
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Woolworth's Sit Ins
The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960, that began after 4 college students sat at the counter of Woolworth's lunch counter. While not the first sit-ins of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, the Woolworth sit-ins were an instrumental action for peaceful protests and national acceptance of equality for African Americans.
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Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)
Ella Baker, then director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), helped set up the first meeting of what became the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), formed to give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights movement. SNCC was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh two months after the Woolworth’s Sit-ins to coordinate them, support their leaders, and publicize their activities.
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March on Washington
On this day, more than 200,000 Americans, both African American and white, gathered in the nation’s capital for a political rally for social freedom and the second March on Washington in history. During the March, Martin Luther King Junior made his “I Have A Dream” speech at the Lincoln Memorial that inspired progress and hope for the people.
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“I Have a Dream” speech
"I Have a Dream" is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington, the speech was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement and inspired African Americans for centuries.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was proposed by President Kennedy but enacted under Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964. It is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and general public facilities. Unfortunately, it did not include voting rights.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson (1908-73) on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States. This was an influential piece of legislation because it finally gave African Americans the power to use their voting rights given to than over a century ago.
http://www.isiahfactor.com/wp-conten
