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Period: to
Maurice Duplessis as Premier
- From 1944 - 1959 the Maurice Duplessis was the Quebec minister in charge of the Union Nationale
- Close friends with the church and they made the church in charge of hospitals and education
- Encouraged Foreign Investment
- Died in 1959
- Opposed Unions such as the Asbestos strike and he was an Anti-Communist
- Duplessis Era was also known as “La Grande Noirceur”because its conservitive ways
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Adoption of Québec’s Flag
- The Fleur-de-lis was made in order to sybolize French heritage and identity replacing the Union Jack
- Fleur-de-lis represented the French heritage and Catholic traditions
- Blue Background symbolizes the sky and Québec’s history
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Asbestos Strike
- During the Duplessis era, workers didn't have good working conditions
- Strike happened in Asbestos and Thetford Mines it was a strike against the company that supported Duplessis
- The strike was made in order to gain better working conditions
- The strikes lasted until May
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Arrival of Television in Québec
- In 1952, televisions arrived at Quebec
- It weakened the the Church's Influence
- More of the American culture being exposed (Americanism)
- Promoted Québec Identity
- Increased Political Awareness
- Transformed Entertainment Media
- More freedom of speech
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Period: to
Paul Sauvé as Premier
- Premier of Québec after the death of Maurice Duplessis in 1959
- Part of the Union Nationale
- Began reducing the Church’s influence and modernizing government institutions.
- Invested in public services, infrastructure, and education.
- Started the major reforms
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Period: to
Quiet Revolution
- It was a period in which Quebec started shifting its old school way of life into something more modern.
- A lot of different reforms
- Rapid social, political, and economic change in the 60s
- Mostly under the Jean Lesage’s Liberal government
- Strengthened Québecs Identity Culture
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Period: to
Jean Lesage as premier (Liberal Party of Québec)
- The Quiet revolution started that period
- Education Reform - Ministère de l'Éducation (1964)
- Healthcare Reform - RAMQ (Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec)
- Economic Labor Reforms - Nationalized Hydro-Québec (1962), Labour Code (1964)
- Made Quebec more modern
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Creation of the Department of Cultural Affairs
- Promoted Québec’s French identity and culture
- Support artists, writers, and cultural institutions (museums, libraries, theaters and ect.)
- Preserved Québec’s history
- Reduced reliance on the Church
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Labour Code
- Major reform that strengthened workers’ rights modernized labour relations
- Right to Unionize (giving public sector workers legal right to form unions)
- Gave the right to strike - increased strikes
- Strengthened workers’ rights
- Improved wages and working conditions
- Helped reduce employer abuse and unfair labour practices
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Dept of Education created
- Sets education policies for all levels
- Creates and updates school curriculum.
- Ensures schools follow educational regulations, for ex: must be attending by the age of 15.
- Manages budget for schools, CÉGEPs, and universities
- Makes a better working and studying environment
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Bill 16 – Married Women Gain Legal Independence
- It was a bill to preserve womens rights and a big step in movement.
- Married women could sign contracts, open bank accounts, and manage property without their husband’s permission
- Women gained legal recognition as full individuals and not that is not legally capable
Strengthened gender equality
- Gave women greater economic freedom and control over their own lives
- weakened the patriarchal structure of marriage and family
- made more women enter the workforce and pursue higher education.
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Period: to
Daniel Johnson as premier
- Was the leader of the Union Nationale
- reduced the influence of the Catholic Church in Québec’s public life
- Focused on the development of Québec, ensuring that the province could become self-sufficient in key sectors.
- Created CEGEPS
- Pushed for greater autonomy in Québec
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EXPO 67
- It was one of the most iconic events in Québec’s history
- Held in Montreal
- From April 27 to October 29, 1967
- Showcased the best of Canadian culture, technology, and architecture.
- Helped with Québec's modernization and the provinces new identity during the Quiet Revolution
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Official language act (1969)
In 1969 the federal statute made English and French the as the official languages of Canada. -
Health Insurance Act
- Created a universal health care system in Québec all residents could access free or low-cost medical services
- Made health care more accessible and affordable for everyone in Québec
- Key part of quiet revolution and creation of universal health care in the rest of Canada.
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Period: to
Bourassa under Quebec's control
- Leader of the Liberal party and was in control during the early 1970s
- Kept trying to modernize Quebec and made it more independent
- Based on economic development, culture, language, public services and ect.
- Health Insurance Act
- CLSCs, community clinics, made
- was launched James Bay hydroelectric project launched
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October Crisis
Since the middle of the 60s, a Radical separatists the FLQ (front de liberation du Quebec) attacked symbols of British colonial rule and English-speaking dominance. some examples were bombs in Westmount mailboxes aswell as the Montreal Stock Exchange.
In October 1970, the FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross, demanding safe passage to Cuba in exchange for his release, and also murdered Liberal minister Pierre Laporte. Some were arrested. -
Victoria Conference
- The main goal of the Victoria Conference was to discuss a proposed amendment to the Canadian Constitution and separate itself from Englands control.
- An attempt to bring federal government and provincial premiers together to discuss the distribution of powers between the two levels of government.
- Quebec refused due to not wanting to sought greater autonomy within Canada.
- The provinces were seeking more power and control over areas such as education, healthcare, and natural resources.
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Bill 22 – Official Language Act
In 1974 Bourassa passed an Official Language Act, declaring that the French language is the sole official language of Quebec, making it limited access to English schooling. this was made in order to strengthen the french community in Quebec. -
Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
- A fundamental legal document in order to adress the primary source of protection for the human rights and freedoms of individuals within the province of Québec
- All individuals are equal
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James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
- The agreement gave the Cree and Inuit the right to own and govern land in northern Québec.
- had lands that had hydroelectric damps, ensuring they could continue their traditional way of life and helped preserve it.
- received financial compensation (around $225 million)
- indigenous wanted the right to form own government and more autonomy and defends rights.
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Period: to
Lévesque under Quebec's control
- Premier of Québec from 1976 to 1985
- Leader of the Parti Quebecois
- Moved toward greater autonomy and self-determination
- Promised to hold a referendum on Quebec sovereignty
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1977 Automobile Insurance Act
- All drivers in Québec became covered by a government-run insurance program fee for the accidents, regardless of who was at fault it was
- Victims of car accidents would receive compensation from the government
- Made by Lise Payette, the first female PQ Minister
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Bill 101 – The Charter of the French Language
- The Bill was passed to protect and promote language
- required children of immigrants to go to francophone schools until end of high school
- Made French only requirement on commercial and public signs, inside and outside
- 90,000 Anglophones in the span of 5 year left to move to Ontario.
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Economic Downturn & The Second Oil Crisis
- An Arab-Israeli war broke out in 1979
- OPEC increased prices of oil to weaken non-Arab countries that also supported Israel
- Increase in cost in oil in Canada
- Quebec entered in a period of economic instability and reduced purchasing