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1420
Florence Cathedral´s dome, by Brunelleschi
The dome of Florence Cathedral, designed and built by Filippo Brunelleschi in the early 15th century, is a marvel of Renaissance engineering and architecture.
The cathedral of Florence, begun in 1294, was one of the last great Italian cathedrals. The skin of the church is modelled on the 13th-century baptistery in front of the front façade of the building. The cathedral of Florence is the largest building in medieval Europe, it can hold up to 30,000 people. -
Period: 1492 to
RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance is a period in history and a cultural movement marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity, covering the 15th and 16th centuries and was associated with great social change in most fields and disciplines, including art, architecture, politics, literature, exploration and science. -
1498
Pietá, by Michelangelo Buonarroti
The Pietà, created by Michelangelo Buonarroti, is a renowned marble sculpture depicting the body of Jesus Christ cradled in the arms of the Virgin Mary. This masterpiece was sculpted by Michelangelo between 1498 and 1499, during the High Renaissance, and it is now housed in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.
By the end of the 15th century, Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti was already a renowned artist. Michelangelo was especially famous for his ability to paint and sculpt biblical figures. -
1509
The school of Athens, by Raphael Sanzio
It's a masterpiece fresco painted by Raphael Sanzio between 1509 and 1511. It is part of a series of frescoes decorating the Vatican's Apostolic Palace, specifically the Stanza della Segnatura, which served as the private library for Pope Julius II. The School of Athens is celebrated for its synthesis of classical philosophy, artistic skill, and Renaissance ideals. It stands as a tribute to intellectual pursuits and remains one of the most iconic works of art from the High Renaissance. -
Period: 1516 to 1558
THE REIGN OF CARLOS I
Carlos I, was a significant historical figure who ruled over a vast empire during the 16th century. Born in 1500, he became the King of Spain in 1516 and in 1519, was elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V. Carlos I faced the Protestant Reformation, conflicts with France and the Ottoman Empire, and the complexities of governing a vast, multicultural empire that spanned Europe and the Americas. He abdicated in 1556, dividing his territories between his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I. -
Period: 1520 to 1521
THE REVOLT OF THE COMUNEROS IN CASTILLA
The Revolt of the Comuneros in Castile was a rebellion by citizens (comuneros) against the royal authority of Carlos I of Spain. Fueled by grievances against high taxes and perceived centralization of power, the revolt sought greater local autonomy. Despite early successes, the comuneros were ultimately defeated, leading to increased royal control over Castile. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg, it was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg. The treaty was primarily concerned with addressing religious tensions arising from the spread of Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire. It aimed to establish a peaceful coexistence between Catholicism and Lutheranism. The Peace of Augsburg marked a temporary respite in the religious conflicts within the Holy Roman Empire. -
Period: 1556 to
THE REIGN OF FELIPE II
Philip II, also known as Philip the Prudent, was King of Spain from 1556, until his death in 1598. Known for his strong centralization of power, Felipe II established a bureaucratic system to govern the vast territories of his empire. His reign was characterised by global exploration and territorial expansion across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Philip died in the monastery of El Escorial, where he was buried at the age of seventy-one. -
Period: 1568 to 1570
THE REBELLION OF THE ALPUJARRAS
The rebellion of the Alpujarras was a conflict that took place in Spain between 1568 and 1571. The Moorish population of the Kingdom of Granada protested against the Pragmatic Sanction of 1567, which limited their cultural freedoms. When the royals succeeded in defeating the rebels, it was decided to banish the surviving Moors to the Crown of Castile, whose Moorish population grew from 20,000 to 100,000. Apart from the deaths and expulsions, thousands were sold into slavery within Spain. -
Period: 1568 to
EIGHTY YEARS WAR
The Eighty Years’ War was a series of battles and campaigns of Dutch independence fighters against the Spanish, who ruled there at the time. It began as a struggle for religious and political autonomy and culminated in the recognition of the Dutch Republic's independence from Spanish rule. The final result of the Eighty Years' War was the official independence of the Netherlands after the Peace of Westphalia; but it is not so clear that this was the cause of the war. -
1579
The signment of the Union of Utrecht
The Union of Utrecht, signed on January 23, 1579, was a crucial document during the Eighty Years' War and marked the formation of the Dutch Republic. Provinces in the Low Countries, opposed to Spanish rule, came together in Utrecht to create a defensive alliance against King Philip II. The Union of Utrecht laid the groundwork for the independence of the northern provinces from Spanish control and established the foundation for the Dutch Republic. -
1579
The signment of the Union of Arras
The Union of Arras, was a significant diplomatic agreement signed on 1579, during the Eighty Years' War. This pact was formed by the Spanish loyalist provinces in the Habsburg-controlled Netherlands, seeking reconciliation with the Spanish Crown. The Union of Arras stood in contrast to the Union of Utrecht, which was composed of provinces supporting the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule. The treaty aimed to restore peace and maintain Catholic allegiance in certain regions of the Low Countries. -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England in 1588 was a key naval victory for England over the Spanish fleet. Led by Sir Francis Drake, the smaller and more agile English fleet managed to repel the larger Spanish Armada due to a combination of strategy, adverse weather conditions and English naval skills. This event marked a watershed in naval history, consolidating England's position as a maritime power and weakening Spain's naval supremacy. -
Period: to
BAROQUE ART
The Baroque or is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the 17th century until the 1750s. It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture, art, and music, though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well. Artists depicted scenes from the Bible and the lives of saints with a heightened sense of drama and theatricality. -
Apollo and Daphne, by Bernini
Apollo and Daphne by Gian Lorenzo Bernini is a Baroque masterpiece depicting the mythical tale of Apollo's pursuit of the nymph Daphne. The sculpture captures the dramatic moment when Daphne, escaping Apollo's advances, transforms into a laurel tree. Bernini skillfully conveys movement and emotion, showcasing Apollo reaching out to Daphne as she undergoes her metamorphosis, resulting in a dynamic and emotionally charged sculpture. -
Saint Peter's square project by Bernini
Saint Peter's Square is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo.
The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing. -
The Spinners by Velázquez
The Spinners is a painting by the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez. It is also known by the title The Fable of Arachne. It is believed that Velázquez was inspired by the work of the Italian Renaissance painter Tintoretto. "The Spinners" has passed through different names and owners over the years. It is believed to have belonged to the King Philip IV. It stands out for its complex narrative, Velázquez's technical mastery and his ability to combine mythology with everyday life. -
Period: to
NEOCLASSICAL ART
Neoclassical art emerged in the mid-18th century as a reaction against the ornate and emotional excesses of the Baroque and Rococo styles. Inspired by the classical art and ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, Neoclassicism sought clarity, order, and rationality. Characterized by a return to classical themes, balanced compositions, and a focus on symmetry and simplicity, it often conveyed moral and political messages. The style reached its peak in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. -
Oath of the Horatii, by Jacques-Louis David
Oath of the Horatii, is a large painting by the French artist Jacques-Louis David painted in 1784 and 1785 and now on display in the Louvre in Paris. David painted "The Oath of the Horatii" as a commission for King Louis XVI of France. The painting is a prime example of Neoclassical art. The painting depicts a scene from Roman history, specifically the legend of the Horatii, three Roman brothers who pledged to defend Rome to the death against their foes, the Curiatii. -
Carlos IV of Spain and his family, by Francisco de Goya
Charles IV of Spain and his Family is a group portrait painting by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. Goya seems to focus his attention on three figures: the Prince of Asturias,his mother the Queen Maria Luisa of Parma, standing in the center, and the King Charles IV. The group portrait was completed the year after Goya became first court painter. The royal family is apparently paying a visit to the artist's studio: Goya can be seen to the left looking outwards towards the viewer. -
Period: to
SOURCES
Wikipedia
Britanicca
WORLD HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA
New World Encyclopedia
Vaia
Unacademy