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This period, also known as the Dark Ages, saw the decline of the Roman Empire, the rise of Germanic kingdoms, and the spread of Christianity across Europe.
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Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III, symbolizing the fusion of Roman, Christian, and Germanic traditions. This marked the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire. -
A time of cultural and economic growth in Europe, marked by the establishment of feudalism, the rise of towns, and the construction of cathedrals.
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The Norman conquest of England was solidified when William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. This event marked the beginning of Norman rule in England and significant cultural transformation. -
A series of religious wars initiated by the Latin Church to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule, profoundly impacting medieval Europe and the Near East.
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King John of England signed the Magna Carta, a foundational document limiting royal power and establishing certain legal rights, often considered the precursor to modern constitutional law. -
This era saw significant transformations, including the Black Death, the Hundred Years' War, and the Renaissance's beginnings.
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The name of the Hundred Years' War is given to the long conflict between the kings of France and England. In reality it was an extensive series of military and diplomatic clashes, characterized by brief war campaigns and long truces.
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The Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and often considered the end of the Middle Ages.