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Women's Rights Movement
The second wave of feminism begins in the early 1960s. The movement focuses on equality in the workplace. The objectives begin to change and women begin to speak out on "relationships, sexuality, birth control and abortion, clothing and body image, and roles in marriage, housework and childcare" (Rosen, 2000, p. 196). -
Title VII
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 declares "a national policy of equal employment opportunity in private employment, without discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin" (Johnson, 1967). -
Special Message to the Congress
In his message on education, President Lyndon B. Johnson expresses the need for opportunities, resources, and assistance in education. Johnson requests a budget on education of $4.1 billion for the 1966 fiscal year. -
Higher Education Act of 1965
The Higher Education Act is signed into law on November 8, 1965 to strengthen resources and "assist students and their families with financing the cost of a postsecondary education" (Hegji, 2014). -
Bernice Sandler faces rejection in the workplace
In 1969, Bernice Sandler is told that she comes on "too strong for a woman" (Sandler, 2000) after showing interest in a faculty position at her current place of work, the University of Maryland. In the next two months, Sandler will experience two more employment rejections because of her gender. -
Sandler's discovery: Executive Order 11246
Sandler begins to research sex discrimination within laws but is unable to find a law that states that sex discrimination within education is illegal. She continues her research on the civil rights movement and discovers Executive Order 11246. The order prohibited discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, and national origin. In 1968, President Johnson amended the order to include discrimination based on sex (Sandler, para. 7). -
Women's Equity Action League
Sandler, under the Women's Equity Action League (WEAL), begins "a national campaign to end discrimination in education" (Sandler, 1997, para. 10). WEAL files a complaint against all universities and colleges, including a specific complaint against the University of Maryland. The complaint asks "for an investigation in the following areas: admission quotas to undergraduate and graduate schools, financial assistance, hiring practices, promotions and salary differentials" (Sandler, 1997, para. 12). -
The Beginnings of Title IX
Rep. Edith Green, a member of WEAL's advisory board, holds the first Congressional hearings on women in education. The hearings take place over seven days and women across the county testify in support of a new bill. -
Title IX
Title IX is proposed in 1972. Though almost identical to Title VI, Title IX is restricted to education. Title IX is passed by Congress on June 23rd and on July 1, 1972, president Richard Nixon signs it into law. Title IX mandates "nondiscrimination in admissions, access, and treatment in all educational programs offered by institutions that [are] the recipients of federal funds" (Lopiano, 2000, p. 163). -
Title IX and Sexual Harassment
Title IX prohibits sex-based harassment of all students. This includes any unwelcome sexual conduct including "sexual comments, jokes, explicit pictures or photos, calling students sexually charged names, and spreading sexual rumors" (Rao, 2014, p. 248). -
Title IX and Women's Sports
Title IX paves a way for women's sports in higher education. The law covers extracurricular activities such as intramurals, club sports, and varsity athletics (Lopiano, 2000). -
Title IX and Transgender Students
Title IX assists transgender students in areas of admissions, participation in sports, clothing, restrooms accessibility, and locker room accessibility (Rao, 2014). Title IX also provides protection from harassment for transgender students. -
Amateur Sports Act of 1978
The Amateur Sports Act is created due to "unfair
national team selection for Olympic, Pan American, world championship, and other international sports events. Women and girls, persons of color, and those with physical disabilities [are] virtually absent from volunteer governance roles in open amateur sports organizations and [are] underrepresented in sports participation" (Lopiano, 2000, p. 163-164). This act prohibits discrimination in sports based on gender, race, and disability. -
Alexander v. Yale University
A group of female students and one faculty member at Yale file a suit against the school. The plaintiffs claim that Yale's policies discriminate on the basis of sex. This is the first use of Title IX in a charge of sexual harassment. Yale won the case, however procedures were created at the school in response to the claim. -
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
Title IX protections are extended to "institution-wide operations rather than just those departments, programs, or components receiving federal financial aid" (Safransky, 2015, para. 1). -
Montgomery v. Independent School District
The plaintiff claims that he experienced teasing, name calling, and physical and sexual harassment from his classmates while at school. The defendant argues that the Title IX claims should "be dismissed because Title IX does not protect individuals from discrimination based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation" (D. Minn, 2000). It was determined that the student made a claim under Title IX for harassment due to gender nonconformity. -
The Success of Title IX in Women's Sports
Before Title IX, there were less than 30,000 women athletes in colleges across the country. By 2011, with the help of Title IX, the number of women athletes grew to almost 200,000 (Buchanan, 2012). -
GLSEN's Survey
The Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network's 2011 National School Climate Survey shows that there is still work to be done for LGBT and transgender students. 44% of LGBT students report that they feel unsafe at school while 80% of transgender students report feeling unsafe (Rao, 2014). Every student should feel safe at school no matter their race, sexual orientation, gender, or religion. -
Other Benefits of Title IX in Higher Education
Today, there are more woman enrolled in college than men. Many women are enrolled in majors that have been typically male, such as science or math. Female professors fill the buildings of universities across the country. Athletic scholarships are available to women and sexual harassment is actually being reported. These all benefit higher education and give both women and men rights in education. Title IX has opened doors to create an equal environment for men and women in education. -
Know Your IX
There are multiple organizations that are educating high school and college students on Title IX. Organizations like Know Your IX help students understand their rights. They are providing resources for students and employees to report discrimination, harassment, and bullying. With the help of these organizations, colleges can be proactive when serving students of all gender, race, religion, and sexual orientation. -
Photo References
Bernice Sandler photo. Retrieved from: http://www.riseofthewahine.com/changemakers.html
Signing HEA photo. Retrieved from: http://www.aauw.org/2015/11/12/higher-education-act/
Lyndon B. Johnson photo. Retrieved from: http://www.history.com/speeches/johnson-introduces-great-society
Title vii- Bettye Lane. ERA march, Washington, D.C., 1979. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved from: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/epilogue.html -
Photo References
Student in hall photo. Retrieved from: http://community-matters.org/blog/post/lgbtq-students-need-support-how-safe-school-ambassadors-can-help
Yale photo. Retrieved from: https://www.terragalleria.com/black-white/america/connecticut/new-haven/picture.usct41297-bw.html
University clipart. Retrieved from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-university-1.html
Sport team photo. Retrieved from: https://www.sdcity.edu/CampusLife/Athletics/SoccerW -
Photo References
Lbgt photo. Retrieved from: http://jennidoesart.com/portfolio/lgbt/
Red Title IX photo. Retrieved from: http://www.safecolleges.com/hot-topics/title-ix-training-faculty/
Know your IX photo. Retrieved from: https://www.knowyourix.org/ -
Photo References
Work clipart. Retrieved from: http://cliparting.com/free-people-clipart-9966/
WEAL photo. Retrieved from: https://www.cliohistory.org/click/politics-social/politics/
Women’s rights photo. Retrieved from: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6c/b2/6a/6cb26a05567ac0af0d65aaefd00b6a46.jpg
Edith green photo. Retrieved from: http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/01/thank_edith_green_for_title_ix.html
Blue Title IX photo. Retrieved from: http://endrapeoncampus.org/title-ix/ -
Photo References
Women athletes photo. Retrieved from: http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-women-in-sports/pictures/black-women-athletes/althea-gibson-wins-the-french-open-2
Olympic rings photo. Retrieved from: http://pngimg.com/imgs/logos/olympic_rings/
Stop sexual harassment photo. Retrieved from: https://pilr.blogs.pace.edu/2014/10/15/stop-sexual-harassment-in-afghanistan/
Bathroom sign photo. Retrieved from: https://wanelo.co/shop/bathroom-signs-for-home -
References
Buchanan, M. P. (2012). Title IX turns 40: a brief history and look
forward. Texas Review Of Entertainment & Sports Law, 14(1), 91-
93. Courson, J.D. and Farris, A. C. (2012). Title IX liability for anti-gay
bullying. American Bar Association. Hegji, A. (2014). The higher education act (hea): a primer.
Congressional Research Service, 7(5700), 1-3. -
References
Johnson, L. B. (1965). Special message to the congress: toward full
educational Opportunity. The American Presidency Project,
Retrieved from: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=27448. Johnson, L. B. (1967). Executive order 11375—amending executive
order no. 11246, relating to equal employment opportunity. The
American Presidency Project, Retrieved from:
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=60553. -
References
Lopiano, D. A. (2000). Modern history of women in sports: twenty-
five years of Title IX, Women’s Sports Foundation, 19(2), 163-
165. Minn, D. (2000). Montgomery v. independent school dist. No. 709 F.
Supp. 2d 1081, Retrieved from:
http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-
courts/FSupp2/109/1081/2522923/ -
References
Rao, D. M. (2014). Gender identity discrimination is sex
discrimination: protecting transgender students from bullying and
harassment using Title IX, Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender &
Society, 28(3), 245-255. Sandler, B. R. (2000). ‘To strong for a woman’- the five words that
created Title IX. Equity & Excellence In Education, 33(1).
